Agency Administration

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Agency Management and Administration includes the American system of Criminal Justice comprised of three major components: law enforcement, courts and correctional systems at community, county, state and federal levels.

Course covers the comprehensive field with career opportunities in several areas: law enforcement; probation, parole and corrections; social-justice services; and security and loss prevention. Students purvey careers in public and private agencies in the social and criminal justice system with study of contemporary and advanced problems in modern law enforcement, as well as criminal justice systems, administration, criminal laws and procedures, police and community relations, and criminalistics. The study of law, social and justice agencies, and criminal offenders is included, with focus on corrections; probation, parole or corrections officers.

Study of careers in the social-justice services includes such agencies as the Department of Children and Family Services, Public Aid, Corrections, and psychiatric and medical agencies.

Emergency Services Administration study provides the conceptual foundation and managerial communication and analytical skills required for designing, testing, and implementing an effective response to workplace and community emergencies. Such emergencies may involve the potential loss of human life and property due to fire, explosion, release of hazardous chemicals, structural failures, natural calamities, and terrorist acts. The study of Emergency Services is to provide an understanding of the administration and management of emergency managers, and to prepare students for leadership roles in emergency disaster administration Course design exposes students to experts and practical experiences of respected emergency services and disaster organizations, both nationally and internationally.

Dr. Linda Davis-Stephens, Instructor

Chapter Headings, Content Summaries/Select from Outcomes:

Identify criminal justice agency goals and purposes.

Identify various management styles recognizing each style’s strengths and limitations relative to organizational problem solving.

Describe and apply methods of evaluating and improving organizational performance.

Describe and apply methods of identifying and solving management and organizational performance problems.

Include Student Name
Select and post the topic heading, 300-word composition, with one image, and 2 URL for reference and further sources.

New student post here.

Colin Mahanay

Jesel Herrera

Criminal Justice System

The criminal justice system are agencies and processes established by governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate laws. There are many individual systems in the United States. The way the systems work depend on the jurisdiction that is in charge such as; city, county, state, federal or tribal government. The main systems of managing criminal justice processes are: State and Federal.
There are five components for most criminal justice system; law enforcement, prosecution, defense attorneys, courts, and corrections. They all play a role in the criminal justice process.
Law Enforcement officers take reports for crimes that happen in their areas. They investigate and gather evidence that would help solve the crime. They also give testimony during the court process, and conduct others investigations if they are needed.
Prosecutors are lawyers who represent the state or federal government. They review evidence that were brought to them by the law enforcement officers. With the evidence they deice if the file charges or drop the case.
Defense attorneys defend the accused against the government’s case. They are usually chosen by the defendant or are assigned by the court. They represent the defendant.
Courts are run by judges. The role of the judges is to make sure the law is being followed. They can decide if the offenders can be release before a trial. Judges accept or reject plea agreements, oversee trials, and sentence convicted offenders.
Correction officers supervise convicted offenders when they are in jail, in prison, or in the community on probation or parole. One of the jobs of correction officers is to make sure the facility where the offenders are is safe (National Center for Victims of Crime).

http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-law-basics/how-does-the-criminal-justice-system-work.html
https://www.victimsofcrime.org/help-for-crime-victims/get-help-bulletins-for-crime-victims/the-criminal-justice-system

Jeremy Gwinn
Juvenile system history.
The problem of dealing with juvenile justice has plagued are country for years, since the establishment of the first juvenile court in 1899. Prior to that development, delinquent juveniles had to be processed through the adult justic3e system which gave much harsher penalties. By 1945, separate juvenile courts existed in every single state. Similar to the adult system, all through most of the 20th century, the juvenile justice system was based upon a medical/rehabilitative representation. The new challenges of the juvenile court were to examine, analyze, and recommend treatment for offenders, not to deliver judgment fault or fix responsibility. The court ran under the policy of “parens patriae” that intended that the state would step in and act as a parent on behalf of a disobedient juvenile. Actions were informal and a juvenile court judge had a vast sum of discretion in the nature of juvenile cases, much like the discretion afforded judges in adult unlawful settings until the 1970s. In line with the early juvenile court’s attitude of shielding youth, juvenile offenders’ position was often in reformatories or instruction schools that were intended, in speculation, to keep them away from the terrible influences of society and to encourage self-control through accurate structure and very unsympathetic discipline. Opposing to the fundamental theory, all through the first part of the century, the places that housed juveniles were frequently unsafe and unhealthy places where the state warehoused delinquent, deserted, and deserted children for unclear periods. Ordinary tribulations included lack of medical care, therapy programs, and even sometimes food. Some very poor circumstances continue even today.
Although putting juveniles into institutions, for many juvenile offenders occurred in the first decades of the 1900s, extensive use of probation for juveniles existed as well. As it does today, probation gave a middle ground nature for judges connecting release and placement in an institution. By 1927, trial programs for juvenile offenders existed in approximately every state. In the 1940s and 1950s, reformers attempted to improve the conditions found in most juvenile institutions. Alternatives to institutions emerged, such as forestry and probation camps. These camps provided a prearranged setting for male juvenile offenders, while emphasizing learning and occupational skills. Though, the efficiency of these options as alternatives to incarceration was dubious since they were not obtainable to the worst offenders. Yet, these changes marked the start of formal, community-based instruction that would turn out to be more extensive in following decades. The rank of community-based alternatives peaked in the early 1970s. In 1967, the report of the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice suggested that alternative to incarceration for juvenile offenders be developed. In 1974, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act encouraged some of these alternatives by providing federal grants to communities, resulting in the creation of more group home and foster care settings, and formal diversion programs. Sanctions remain nowadays as alternatives to incarcerating offenders exterior their community or as part of the range of dispositional alternatives obtainable for judges. As affirmed earlier, for the bulk of this century. Procedures observed in the separate adult criminal system, such as the right to counsel, notice requirements, and other due process guarantees, were not formally available to juveniles. The corresponding notion of punishment was that juveniles would receive guidance and treatment from the system. In reality, juvenile dispositions could be as harsh and incapacitate as adult sentences.

http://djs.maryland.gov/history-us.asp
https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/juris_tap_report/ch2_01.html

Joyce Korir
Police personnel
Qualifications for the position of police chief vary widely depending on the size of the agency and the region of the country.small agencies may not have minimum educational requirements for the job.In the early 1970’s the National advisory commission on Criminal Justice standards and goals surveyed police chiefs and their supervisors to determine the essential qualities for the job.Education was found to be an important consideration , today many agencies require a college education along with several years of progressively responsible police management experience.
Roles of police executive
There are three primary roles of the police chief executives officers the interpersonal role,it has three components;the figure head here the ceo performs various ceremonial functions ,leadership,liaison duties.they have dissemination tasks, it involves distributing information to members of the department via memorandum special orders general orders and a lot of policies and procedures.This is a difficult task for the chief executive new organizations especially televisions and tv and print media are very competitive that seek to obtain complete news in the shortest amount of time which always translate into wider viewership and therefore greater advertising revenue for them.
The following tasks are important for police supervisors;they should supervise subordinate officers in their performance of their duties.Disseminate information to their subordinates.Ensure the general orders are being followed review and approve various orders, listen to problems voiced by officers, answer calls keep superiors apprised of ongoing situations provide direct supervision for potential high risk calls and situations interpret policies and inform subordinates.
Police officers prevent crimes.patrolling providing the public with information on locks and lighting to reduce the opportunity of crimes.protect the innocent,investigates crimes protect the innocents police systematically remove innocent people from considerations as crime suspects.Because police officers are solitary workers spending most of their time on their jobs unsupervised , and because those officers who are hired today will become the supervisors of the future police administrators must attempt to attract best individuals possible.A major problem of police personnel involves the recruitment.

http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5279
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2005/RAND_OP154.pdf

Fatoumatta Darboe
Identify Criminal Agency Goals and Purposes

A goal is simple not powerful way to motivate people and communicate priorities. Leaders in
states, local governments, federal programs, and in other countries have demonstrated the
power of using specific, challenging goals to improve performance and cult costs. These stretch
goals can be effective at changing the way an organization does business. The administration has
embraced the power of goal setting as a way to improve the federal government's performance
and accountability to the American people. Federal agencies are using near term and long term
goals in a variety of way to improve their effectiveness and efficiency. The federal Government
operates more effectively with agency leaders, at all levels of the organization, starting at the
top, set clear measurable goals aligned to achieving better outcomes. It is also vital that they
regularly engage their organizations and delivery partners in critical reviews of progress on
these goals. This leads to the discovery of what works and what does not. Federal agency leaders
are increasingly using goals and measurement to reinforce priorities, motivate action, and
illuminate paths to improvement. Agencies are also using goals in partnership efforts to
improve outcomes. The criminal justice planning agency is committed to provide service to the
public and community programs by securing federal funds on critical criminal justice needs
under the direction of the governor, supervisory council and youth advisory council. In addition,
CJPA has a long term and short term goals and objectives as i mentioned. Th goals outline in the
executive order some of which include. To serve as the state criminal justice planning agency of
commonwealth of northern Mariana island under the supervision of the council and the
jurisdiction of the governor. To function in a manner consistent with the constitution and law of
the commonwealth and pursuant to federal omnibus crime control and safe act of 1968, as
amended, and the juvenile justice and delinquency prevention act of 2974, as amended, and
other related federal laws. To advise and assist the Governor in developing policies, plans,
programs, and budgets for improving the coordination, administration and effectiveness of the
criminal justice system in the commonwealth. To prepare a commonwealth comprehensive
criminal justice plan and related grant application on behalf of the governor, such plan, and any
substantial modification thereof, shall be submitted to the governor who shall submit it to the
commonwealth legislature for its advisory review of goals, priorities and policies contained
therein. Such plan shall be periodically updated, shall be based on an analysis of the
commonwealth criminal justice needs and problems, and shall conform to the commonwealth
and federal regulations. Also to establish goals, priorities and standards for the reduction of
crime and the improvement of the administration of justice in the commonwealth. Recommend
legislation to the governor and legislature relating to criminal justice. To also encourage
comprehensive justice planning efforts, monitor, evaluate and coordinate programs and
projects, funded in whole or in part by the commonwealth government, aimed at reducing
crime and juvenile delinquency and improving the administration of justice. Finally, the
administration has also adopted a limited number of cross agency priority goals to improve
cross agency coordination and best practice sharing.
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120305115442AActUDN
http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_four_major_purposes_of_the_criminal_justice_system
http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_schmalleger_cjbrief_7/79/20422/5228058.cw/index.html

Jessica Moss

Overly Demanding Bosses

Almost the entire population, if not the entire population will at some point be faced with dealing with a boss, manager, supervisor, etc. who comes off as overly demanding and this may make the workplace a disaster for you. You may be required to work beyond your scheduled shift, expected to cover someone else’s work, be blamed for an error or mistake that you were not involved in, and even be written up or somehow penalized for something that was a complete misunderstanding.
Dealing with an overly demanding boss can be made easier by trying some simple strategies to determine what the cause of the issue is, how to deal with it, and the potential consequences of not figuring out a way to deal with it.

As far as the cause of the issue goes, it could very well just be the boss’ personality and this may be how they treat everyone in general. There is also the possibility that your boss’ boss is putting an unreasonable amount of pressure on them to have things done a certain way. Therefore, it is important for you to be sensitive to his or her needs as well, even if he or she is demanding.
If your boss seems to be getting unreasonable with you, it is advised that you gently confront him or her to get their side of the story. Doing this will make them reflect back on their previous actions and may cause them to be more sensitive to your needs. Be sure to listen and repeat all of their instructions slowly and clearly. If you do your job well and go beyond the call of duty, your hard work will likely be recognized and this will place you in a better position in your boss’ eyes.

Remember if you don’t have clear communication with your boss, it will put a strain on your life and time in the workplace and make work unpleasant for you. You may end up making a rash decision by quitting unexpectedly, or saying something to provoke your boss. This will leave a bad mark on your resume as well as make some personal enemies possibly in your hometown, or long term home.

http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacquelynsmith/2013/07/10/10-tips-for-dealing-with-an-overly-demanding-boss/2/

https://www.themuse.com/advice/how-to-deal-with-unreasonable-demands-from-your-boss

Kyle D. Braun
Agency Administration and Management
How to be a good Police Chief

Being any type of a leader is extremely difficult work. When you have people’s literal, physical lives depending on your ability to lead, the need for good leaders is that much more dramatic. And since it would be almost impossible to tell all of the things that a leader needs to have, I would like to bring to your attention two of the most important.
A good police chief must have good managerial skills, which is all of the boring but important administrative details that need to be handled. He must approve the apartment’s budget, so he must have financial skills to get the most efficiency out of his department. He must be able to communicate clearly what the department’s goals are so the rank-and-file understand what they need to be doing. In this way, he must have good professional people skills. These same skills allow him to be able to communicate with the city council, the mayor, the media, and whoever else he must speak to in an official capacity. The only sure way to improve these skills is to practice them.
Most important though, a good police chief must have personal people skills. This affects how people treat him and how much they trust him. If you are professional but not personal, you will have disciplinary and credibility issues. In order to build this skill up, the chief has to be honest. It takes a lifetime to build a good reputation and one lie to ruin it. The good police chief must know his officers. An excellent way to do this is to have as much of a hands on approach as possible (not micromanaging, but actually directing at the scene on an incident.
The police chief’s job is a difficult position to fill, but as long as he keeps learning, it will be very rewarding. He can be very influential, and carries enormous potential for how to help his city grow. As such, his job can give many intrinsic rewards for a job well done.
http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=709&issue_id=92005
http://work.chron.com/leadership-skills-police-chief-2623.html

Ethan Masterson
Agency Admin and Mgnt.
10/4/15

Horrible Bosses

By maturing into an adult in the real world a person needs to find a job in the workforce that they can do well. Once you can hold a job, it is important to know your boss. To know the type of person they are while working. Because there are different kinds of bosses out there. There’s always the bad boss that no one really likes but has to experience then there’s the mediocre boss that you can get along with but always keep it professional and then there’s the fun boss, that everyone likes to be around and can brighten the mood.

The bad bosses are about as simple as you can get. They hate their job and where their life is at right now so they always take out their frustration out on somebody, You can only hope that that boss doesn’t choose you to be the one they pick on. But there always has to be at least one of these bad bosses so that you can come to realize how much better the other ones are.

The mediocre bosses are the next step above the bad ones. Theses are the people that are good to work for while you're on the clock. But once the day is over they're trying to get out of there just as fast or faster than you are. Because they feel the same way as you, it’s a job and they don’t want to have to be there any longer than they have too. They aren’t bad to work for, but just make it seem less interesting the longer it goes.

Finally there’s the fun boss that everyone should experience sometime in their lives. They are the characters that make the job fun, make work seem not so much like the boring and repetitive long hours they are. They make it feel like time goes by faster and therefore the day end quicker. But these are the most difficult kinds of bosses to find. Even though everyone wants them, the sad truth is that not everyone will get them.

As a working student I can say that I have experienced all three of these types of bosses mentioned here. From the bad boss that is just simply not cut out for that position to the more professional mediocre boss that does their job well but that’s about it to the fun amazing boss that is so eagerly craved in the workforce. But as an adult, you yourself will experience what’s out there.

Chapter Headings, Content Summaries
Select from Outcomes:

Exemplify how to communicate clearly and effectively both verbally and through written documentation with diverse populations.
Show how to Demonstrate ethics, integrity, teamwork and professionalism.
Compare and contrast the components of the Criminal Justice system.
Differentiate organizational management and operational characteristics of criminal justice agencies.
Identify criminal justice agency goals and purposes.

Identify various management styles recognizing each style’s strengths and limitations relative to organizational problem solving.
Describe and apply methods of evaluating and improving organizational performance.
Describe and apply methods of identifying and solving management and organizational performance problems.

Include names of Students in Group
Select and post the topic heading, 300-word composition, with one image, and 2 URL for reference and further sources.
Student post new essay here.

Christian Jones
Sheldon Nelson

Probation Officer

Probation officers and responsibility in process. Probation officers are responsible for overseeing people who are convicted of crimes, but who have been released on probation or parole. They help with helping people find jobs, make better choices for themselves, and keep track of the progress that they make throughout the probation process. They also write reports documenting progress and hold meetings to discuss different options. They also play a role on helping people get back on track with their own life and be happy with the choices they can make knowing they're getting a second chance to not go to prison.

Training in the process of being a probation officer to help those in need. Probation officers must have strong communication skills, as they will be communicating with offenders, their families, treatment specialists, and judges on a regular basis. They need to be prepared for the worst at all times no matter how stressful or hard it can get for either the officer or the person in probation. Along with having a strong writing skill for reports and being highly organized with themselves.

Educational training for the job is very important. At a minimum, probation officers should have a bachelor’s degree in a field related to human service. The best degrees for probation officers include social work and criminal justice. Other possible areas of study are psychology, sociology, or criminology. Students who are also in school can take classes online to pursue this career if need to be. It also requires a lot of time and patience to do the process of being trusted in with someones life such as having good social skills and past experience.

Trust is very important, specially to become a probation officer him/her self. Background checks are included before becoming one and interviews being required also. The career field is set to grow by 18%, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). On average, probation officers tend to earn around $47,200 annually, the BLS reports. The top 10% earns around $80,750 a year, while the bottom 10% earns around $30,920 annually.

Probation Officers are also the hero's too in the story. Probation officers are to be trusted not only as an officer but also as a friend. They try to learn why the person in probation acts up in the first place. They are interested in their lives to learn what is going on not only in their life but with their friends or family too. Parole officers work with people who have been released from jail and are serving parole, to help them re-enter society. Parole officers monitor post-release offenders and provide them with information on various resources, such as substance-abuse counseling or job training, to aid in their rehabilitation. By doing so, the officers try to change the offenders’ behavior and thus reduce the risk of that person committing another crime and having to return to prison.Keeping in touch is the last step to being a great probation officer.

Some probation officers keep in touch with the people they've helped changed for the better of themselves. Knowing that they have not only saved someone's personal life choices but touched the hearts of those who were helped in the process.

Sources:

http://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/probation-officers-and-correctional-treatment-specialists.htm#tab-1

http://www.criminaljusticeusa.com/probation-officer/

http://elyriact.smugmug.com/Journalism/Feature/Chili-cookoff-for-Pete-Soto/i-3Pgr7Cp/0/M/Chili%20cook%20off%204-M.jpg

Personal Roles and Functions of Policing

Jason Manning

Every police officer has his own personal roles and functions to uphold as well as due his job. He needs to be an individual of good standing and character he cant be someone who is just in the field for the pay. An officer has a personal duty and role to act as a model citizen for others too see. He needs to be a friendly individual that can get along with just about anybody. By being friendly to everyone he can be easily approachable. I find it sad that by simply seeing a police officer people are instantly put on an edge. People should feel protected not scared of our police officers. It saddens me that there is a negative connotation associated with our police officers than a positive one. On the clock a police officer has a few roles, such as stopping and issuing traffic violations to guilty parties and upholding the peace. Such duties of upholding the peace can range from small domestic disputes up to robbery and theft of a public building such as a grocery store or gas station of some sorts. The job itself can be stressful one that can have an effect on the officers psych and can lead to things such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression or even Alcoholism. It is an officers personal role to seek help from such things so that he does not hinder his own life or his job. He has to be able to cope with the negative repercussions of working in such a field.

http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/june_2011/research_forum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer

Prison Officers

Justin Underwood

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTXJO2eC3fq2Pwv9FTDtFLrcj5nu07zu2X8vffU8ULXtW3-MpR3w
Information on prison officers
According to http://www.prospects.ac.uk/prison_officer_job_description.htm a prison officer has responsibility for the security, supervision, training, and rehabilitation of people committed to prison by the courts. Prison officers try to motivate the prisoners to do what is best for themselves and others around them within a safe and healthy environment. in addition the duties of a prison officer must be able to establish and maintain positive working relationships with prisoners, balancing authority with a large amount of understanding and compassion. Some typical work activities include performing security checks and search procedures, supervising visits and carrying out patrol duties, taking care of prisoners property, and being aware of the prisoners rights and dignity and their personal responsibility. According to http://www.bls.gov/ooh/protective-service/correctional-officers.htm a prison officer or a correction officer have to go through a training academy and then are assigned to a facility for on-the-job training. Although qualifications vary by state and agency, all agencies require a high school diploma. Some federal agencies also require some college education or related work experience. For the pay of a prison officer the median annual wage was 39,040 in May 2012. The median annual wage for bailiffs was 36,840 in May 2012. The employment projected to grow 5 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupation. A correctional officer must report any inmate who violates the rules. If a crime is committed within their institution or an inmate escapes, they help law enforcement authorities investigate and search for the escapee. Correctional officers have no responsibilities for law enforcement outside their place of work. Probation officers an correctional treatment specialists work with counseling offenders outside of prison.

Management Styles
By Brandon Gaede

There are many different types and styles of managing people and a business. These are some pros and cons to a couple different styles.

Directive style has the primary objective of immediate compliance from employees. It closely controls employees and motivates by threats and discipline. It is most effective when there is a crisis. This style is least effective when employees are highly skilled, and some people seem to underdeveloped when they learn to work this way.

The Authoritative person has the main objective of providing a long term direction for employees. This is the firm but fair boss, they also motivate by persuasion and feedback on performance. It is most effective when clear orders are needed and when the leader is credible. It is not effective when the leader is not credible.

Affiliative is the manager that want harmony among all employees. They believe in people first, task second, they avoid conflict and motivate by trying to keep everyone happy. It works best when used with other styles, and when the tasks aren’t very challenging. It is not effective in a crisis situation.

Participative style is built on commitment and consensus among employees. They believe that everyone has an input, and motivate by rewarding team effort. It works best with an experienced staff, and steady work environment, but the employees must be coordinated, and does not work if there is a crisis.

The Pacesetting manager believes in accomplishing tasks with a high standard. They usually do things themselves, expects employees to follow their example. Employees need to be competent, highly motivated, and need little direction, but is least effective when workload requires assistance from others.

Coaching primary objective is long term professional development. Helps employees develop strengths, and motivates by providing opportunities for professional development. Most effective when skills need developed and when employees are motivated. Ineffective when leader lacks expertise and in a crisis.

what-SMEs-can-expect-from-value-creating-innovation-management-consulting.jpg

http://leadersinheels.com/career/6-management-styles-and-when-best-to-use-them-the-leaders-tool-kit/

http://www.forbes.com/fdc/welcome_mjx.shtml

+Chain of Command
Daniel Mackay

The Chain of Command is very necessary, not only in law enforcement or military, but in the management world as well. The actual definition of this idea is The order in which authority and power in an organization is wielded and delegated from top management to every employee at every level of the organization. Instructions flow downward along the chain of command and accountability flows upward. So by having a top, middle and bottom of the chain, it allows the uppers to get a message down to the lowers and still manage to get their work done. For example, the CEO of a company sees that a franchisee's business is struggling, so he contacts the franchisee and tells him something needs to be done to get sales back up. The franchisee then goes to his managers of the store and says that his boss says something needs to be done to get sales up. The managers then get the employees together and they get the same lecture and ideas are put out to see what they can do to get business back. A good way to see this in action is through the show "Undercover Boss" because the CEO gets to see firsthand why a certain store is doing better and why a certain store is doing bad. In the military and law enforcement standpoint, the head of power will give an order to the next in command, and so on and so forth until it's the lowers that then carry the order out. This is an important concept to know at every level of the command because it prevents confusion on what a person has for power and where they stand in the organization.

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chain-of-command.html
http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryc/g/chain-of-command.htm

Chapter Headings, Content Summaries

Include names of Students in Group
Select and post the topic heading, 300-word composition, with one image, and 2 URL for reference and further sources.
Mindomo mapping may suffice.

Brian Wood and Sheldon Nelson

Sexual and Physical Violence
Facts of Prison Life

Plaintiff is a skinny, white, passive, non-violent, short timer, who is blind in his right eye. On 1-25-97, at approximately 2:00 A.M., Plaintiff went into the bathroom of barracks number seven and inmate Williams followed shortly after. Plaintiff used the urinal and as he turned, inmate Williams pulled a shank from a book and threatened to poke Plaintiffs other eye out and kill him if he did not let Williams f* him. Williams then told Plaintiff to go to the rear corner of the bathroom, pulled a small bottle of lotion from his pocket and made Plaintiff rub it on his penis. Williams then put the shank to Plaintiffs throat and said "turn around and pull those pants down," which Plaintiff did for fear of his life if he did not. Williams then raped Plaintiff with the shank at Plaintiffs' throat, pressing it and saying "shut up b**" when plaintiff began to moan and wanting to scream from the pain. After climaxing and wiping himself off, Williams said "If you ever tell anyone, I or one of my gang members will kill you, in here or in the world." Plaintiff suffered great physical pain, and continues to suffer severe emotional and psychological mental anguish as a result of being raped. Plaintiff has taken, and was just re-prescribed, anti-depressant medications which does not seem to help. Plaintiff believes this incident alone has caused a nervous disorder, his inability to concentrate and a worsened memory, and the lack of energy or desire to do the simplest of things, inexpressible humiliation, and raging anger.
This is happening everyday all over in prisons in the U.S.A. today. What can we do to stop this act from happening ever again because nobody should have to go through this? It is time to change things. There should not be any place in a prison that’s not being supervised or has cameras. If somebody is caught raping somebody they need to be put in isolation for good so they cannot do it again. Imagine being in Plaintiffs shoes knowing that there is no chance of escape and having to accept being raped so helpless.

References Google images, Justice administration seventh edition

Steven Nelson
What Administrators should look for in a good police officer

Officers are considered to be the work horse of the criminal justice system. They are the most visible member of the criminal justice system. When police officers perform well it makes administrators jobs much easier. However, when police officers do not work to the best of their abilities it makes the administrators jobs that much more difficult. So what is it that separates the good police officers from the bad. Chapter four of our book lists twelve qualities that make a good police officer.

The first characteristic is enthusiasm. In order to effectively complete the sometimes mundane and difficult work of a police officer, one must go about his work an enthusiasm that others can feed off of. When every officer has this attitude it makes the job much easier. Good police officers have communication skills. They are able to get along with people of all different backgrounds. They see each encounter with a civilian as an opportunity to help their departments public relations. Having good judgment is vital to being a good police officer. The ability to fully understand a situation and make the right decision is invaluable. In a line of work as tragic as an officer’s, a sense of humor can not be underestimated. Being able to make light of a dire situations allows police officers to cope. As in any line of work creativity is very helpful. It lets them place themselves in the mind of the criminal and legally accomplish arrests. Another import attribute that police officers must possess is self-motivation. Police officers are often by themselves with out anyone overseeing them and must be able proactively solve difficult cases. To effectively perform the his job, the police officer must fully understand the intricacies of the criminal justice system. In order to be a good officer, the officer must first believe that he is a good officer. He must have a healthy ego. Maybe the most important trait an officer can have is courage. He must be able to think clearly during difficult situations and stand up for what is right. A police officer must understand that they should not arrest every single person that they see commit a violation. They must understand discretion and show empathy. Police officers must be tenacious. They must be able to stay focused on the job at hand and stay positive. Even though most police officers are done with college, they must continue to keep learning. They have to stay up to date on new laws and court decisions.

Police officers are considered the gatekeepers of the criminal justice system and their success relates directly to the success of the entire criminal justice system.
http://www.ci.bainbridge-isl.wa.us/documents/exec/csc/police_officers_key_traits.pdf
http://greenheritagenews.com/five-qualities-of-an-effective-police-officer/

Emergency Management
Louis Edmiston

According to www.emergencymgmt.com, the definition for “Emergency management is the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters.” Emergency management is very crucial to have in every county in every state. In an event of an emergency, the emergency managers will be ready to distinguish a plan with other agencies in the city, then they will be ready to attack the situation and attend to any people who are in need of help. Emergency managers also have to set up bases, and camps for people and supplies. There must also be staging areas for responders who are put on hold. There are many titles in emergency management. There are certain people who work as officers, deputies, commanders, chiefs and also volunteers. All of these divisions serve as a big role in emergency management.
In a small town named Colby, located Northeast of Kansas. There is an emergency manager named Autumn Arasmith. Not only does she have to watch after 3,000 people in Colby, but she has to watch out for four other towns. So, she has to manage all of the county, which is named Thomas County. Autumn graduated from Colby Community College with her associated degree in criminal justice. Now, she is currently working in the office with her assistant David Becker. Her primary focus is to always plan ahead and make sure all procedures are ready in case of emergency. The is always listening to the other agencies in Thomas County over the radio such as police, fire, and EMS. According to www.iom.edu, "timely emergency communications is a very important priority in emergency management." I'm sure Autumn would agree with me. Emergency Management can be a stressful job at times, but it must pay off when everyone goes home safely.
http://www.emergencymgmt.com/emergency-blogs/managing-crisis/Defining-Emergency-Managers-060613.html
http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Research/PreparednessEMS.aspx

Gunnar Hays
Leadership

When talking about agency management in class one of the most important topics to come up is leadership. Being a boss or manager is simply a title or position whereas being a leader would make you successful at that position or even outside the workplace. Many people have certain ideas and definitions of leadership and what it means to be a leader, but I take a more different approach. I believe in development and bettering oneself but the fact is that some people are cut out to be leaders and some aren’t. Lets put this in a picture, because after all they are worth a thousand words. I don’t need to define leadership; I can give you a few names like Lincoln, Churchill, Eisenhower, and King. Those were some great men in history who were natural leaders and didn’t get where they were by defining leadership in terms or waiting to be the boss to lead, they were natural born leaders who used those skills to achieve positions and have success at them. Like I said I believe people can grow into be better than what they were, but some people are simply natural born leaders and some people aren’t. After all for every leader there needs to be several more followers. Anybody can study leadership concepts and great leaders but does that really qualify them? Who is the better leader, someone with a college degree in leadership but incapable of managing something, or someone who doesn’t know a definition of leadership but still takes the reins and helps an organization get something done. If you get a class to discuss what makes a good leader you can spend all day in conversation and may not get a definite answer, instead ask the class whom they see as the class leader, or school leader. You would probably get a lot of agreement to one or two students, and have an illustration of living leadership, not just words on a paper. Leadership isn’t a dictionary definition; it is a real working thing that we may see everyday.
Sources
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leader.html
http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/leadership
Google Images

Casey Temmel
Probation Officers

Parole officers and probation officers play a role in criminal justice systems by supervising offenders released from incarceration or sentenced to non-custodial sanctions such as community service. In some jurisdictions parole or probation officers are involved in presenting reports on offenders and making sentencing recommendation to courts of law. Generally, probation officers investigate and supervise defendants who have not yet been sentenced to a term of incarceration. Transversely, parole officers supervise offenders released from incarceration after a review and consideration of a warden, parole board or other parole authority. Parolees are essentially serving the remainder of their incarceration sentence in the community. However, some jurisdictions are modifying or abolishing the practice of parole and giving post-release supervision obligations to a community corrections agent, generically referred to as a probation officer. Still some others are expanding the duties to include post incarceration supervision under special sentencing such as Megan's Law offenses, civil commitments, and violent offenders. These cases involve persons who have completed their incarceration, but must be supervised under the special sentence for three years, or even life supervision as in the case with Community Supervision for Life sentencing for sex offenders. In some states, due to the heightened danger to the public, these cases are supervised by parole officers rather than probation officers since parole officers are more commonly trained in police academies and carry firearms. Typically, probation and parole officers do not wear a uniform, but simply dress in business or casual attire. Probation officers are usually issued a badge or some other form of credentials and, in some cases, may carry concealed weapons or pepper spray for self-protection or serve arrest warrants. Parole officers, in many jurisdictions, are issued a badge, credentials, and firearm, and often have full police powers. Probation and parole officers, who have law enforcement powers, are technically classified as peace officers, and if so, they must attend a police academy as part of their training and certification. Before being hired as an officer one must pass a series of drug tests, meet medical standards, and have a criminal history background check. You will undergo an extensive Office of Personnel Management (OPM) background investigation, medical examination, and drug screening. Upon successful completion of the background investigation, medical examination, and drug screening, the selectee may then be appointed provisionally, pending a favorable suitability determination by the court. In addition, as a condition of employment, incumbent will be subject to ongoing random drug screening, updated background investigations every five years and, as deemed necessary by management for reasonable cause, may be subject to subsequent fitness-for-duty evaluations and drug screening. If a provisional hire is authorized, continued employment will be contingent on successful completion of the OPM investigation. Also, since I am a probation officer myself, I have learned a lot in such the short time that I have done it, and it definitely gives you a different perspective on people.

Resources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation_officer
http://www.vaep.uscourts.gov/resources/2/HR/Officer%20Requirements.pdf

Marcus Tibbles

Working As A Team

U.S._Marshal_Multi-Agency_Team_Members_Preparing.jpg

You can’t be a good leader unless you can work well with other people. There’s always someone you have to answer to, and you have to know how to work with those above you and below you. Teamwork is one of the most important element of leadership. Every agency has teams and groups, and every group has a leader. The collaboration of the team starts with the leader.

Law enforcement agencies have to work together all the time, like when the FBI comes to assist the local police during an investigation. Sometimes agencies join up together to reach a common goal in the form of an Interagency Task Force. Agencies and teams work well together when there is good communications between everyone and everyone listens. Leaders should be hands on and help out instead of just standing back while their crew members do everything. Information should be shared openly with everyone so no one is left out and left in the cold. Everyone should be active and show commitment towards the goal of bringing their objective to fruition. Most importantly the team should show respect for each other, everyone there is human, unless they’re a robot.

SWAT Teams rely on team work to defuse abnormally hostile situations. The FBI Hostage Rescue Team relies on team work to rescue hostages. Border Patrol teams work together to scour the border looking for people who jump the border into our country. We as students work together to do projects, this wiki is a perfect example of how we all work together to put the knowledge we know in each other’s head.

Resources
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/ten-qualities-of-an-effective-team-player.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force

Picture Source
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Marshal_Multi-Agency_Team_Members_Preparing.jpg

Casey Temmel

Prison Officer

A prison officer, or also known as a corrections officer is a male or female responsible for the supervision, safety, and security of prisoners in a prison, jail, or any other form of secured custody. Prison Officers are responsible for the care, and control of inmates who have been arrested and are awaiting trial while on remand or who have been convicted of a crime and sentenced to serve time in a prison or jail. They are also responsible for the safety and security of the facility itself. Most officers are employed by the government, and others are employed by a private facility. While on the clock, prison officers have many duties that they have to maintain in order to keep the facility running smoothly and the inmates under control. They have to control the dangerous inmates that society wishes not to deal with. Also they must prevent disturbances that may occur within the facility. When and if a fight occurs an officer or officers must step in and break it up immediately. Prevention is one of the key components to officer’s duties. Some prevention practices that prison officers have are searching their living pods for drugs, weapons, etc. They may also do full body searches as if an inmate may be hiding a type of weapon on themselves anywhere. Working in a correctional facility can be stressful and hazardous. Every year, prison officers are injured in fights with inmates. Prison officers cannot show favoritism and must report any inmate who violates the rules. Prison officers have no responsibilities for law enforcement outside of their place of work. If a crime is committed within their institution or an inmate escapes, they help the responsible law enforcement authorities investigate or search for the escapee. Prison officers have one of the highest rates of nonfatal on-the-job injuries. Prison officers go through a training academy and then are assigned to a facility for on-the-job training. Qualifications vary by agency, but all agencies require a high school diploma or equivalent. Some also require some college education or work experience. Prison officers held about 493,100 jobs in 2010. Ninety-five percent of prison officers worked for federal, state, and local governments in May 2010. Most of the remainder was employed by private companies that provide correctional services to prisons and jails. Prison officers usually work 8 hours per day, 5 days per week, on rotating shifts. Some correctional facilities have longer shifts and more days off between scheduled workweeks. Because jail and prison security must be provided around the clock, officers work all hours of the day and night, weekends, and holidays. In addition, officers may be required to work paid overtime.

Resources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_officer
http://www.bls.gov/ooh/protective-service/correctional-officers.htm

Chapter 2 Organization and Administration:Principles and Practices
An organization may be defined as a "consciously coordinated social entity, with a relatively identifiable boundary, to achieve a set of goals." Observations by Abraham Maslow were coalesced into a "hierarchy of needs.”McGregor and Herzberg's theory of motivation is called contingency. Communication is the process whereby information is transmitted from one person to another via common symbols. The leadership style that tends to be consideration oriented and strives to attain mutual respect among subordinates is the democratic style. Most communication—at least 90 percent—is nonverbal in nature. A major challenge and diversity issue in the workplace is age diversity. Several experts now argue for higher spans of control, to provide more rapid decision making, less “turf protection,” and reduced costs due to the need for less support staff. The statement that begins “Rightly or wrongly, most people consider language as an index of culture, breeding, upbringing, personality…” was made by Judge Learned Hand. In police dialect, an “interview” is the officer’s attempts to obtain basic information about a person, while an interrogation” is questioning an individual about a specific crime. Criminal justice administrators should avoid judging younger workers whose work ethic is slightly different from theirs, and accommodate their individual needs whenever possible. Criminal justice administrators can legally restrict tattoos, body piercings, and body art with dress codes or uniform requirements.

Organization and Administration: Principles and Practices

Organizations are groups of people who work together to reach a common goal. Organizations can include unions, companies, and government agencies. Communication is important in organizations, whether it be upwards, downwards, or horizontal. It is important to recognize the processes of communication, the barriers, role, cultural cues, and the uniqueness of communication within police organizations. Communication thrives when there are no deterrents.

The success of any organization normally depends on the quality of work life within the agency. Conceptual skills involve coordinating and integrating all the activities and interests of the organization toward a common objective. The term "relatively identifiable boundary" refers to the organization's goals and the public served. Theory X managers subscribe to the traditional view of direction and control, whereas Theory Y managers naturally take the opposite view of the workers. The term "social entity" refers to organizations comprised of people who interact with one another and with people in other organizations. A few examples of types of organizations are service organizations, mutual benefit associations, and commonwealth organizations. Organizations are often referred to as corresponding with bones in the body. Weber's theory of organizational structure includes written rules, hierarchy of authority, and rulification and routinization. Bureaucracies are often criticized for being unresponsive to changing needs and times. Criminal justice agencies fit the description of an organization because they are managed by being organized into a number of specialized units and these agencies consist of people who interact within the organization and with external organizations, and they exist to serve the public.

The question as to how many subordinates a chief executive can effectively supervise (span of control) will depend on such factors as the capacity of the leader and those persons supervised, and the type and complexity of work performed. Communication among managers or subordinates on the same level of the hierarchy is lateral. The pyramidal structure has which of the following characteristics personnel at very few levels have contact only with their boss above them and subordinates below them. Human relations management began with studies conducted at Western Electric Company. An approach designed to bring the individual and the organization together was called systems management.

The style theory developed at Michigan State University looked at how leaders motivated individuals or groups to achieve organizational goals. Recently, U.S. News & World Report teamed with Harvard University to identify leaders who are making a difference; the survey determined that there is not a lack of leadership, but rather a “wrong-headed notion of what a leader is.” A U.S. News/Harvard University survey found that twenty-first-century authentic leaders know who they are, are “good in their skin,” and do not need to impress others. Usually, authentic leaders demonstrate pursuit of their purpose with purpose, practicing solid values, establishing connected relationships.

One of the skills an administrator needs to possess is sufficient human skill in working with others to be an effective group member. Administrators find that younger generations think of ways to take advantage of their desire to work in teams, perform work of significance, and have flexibility in their daily environment. They also enjoy a more casual and friendly, technologically up to date, neat and orderly, and collegial, a place to learn, and having a high level of freedom

Arielle Gil-Sanz

Being a very good leader
Over the past several years, one of the most important contributions psychology has made to the field of business has been in determining the key traits of acknowledged leaders. Psychological tests have been used to determine what characteristics are most commonly noted among successful leaders. This list of characteristics can be used for developmental purposes to help managers gain insight and develop their leadership skills.
The increasing rate of change in the business environment is a major factor in this new emphasis on leadership; whereas in the past, managers were expected to maintain the status quo in order to move ahead, new forces in the marketplace have made it necessary to expand this narrow focus. The new leaders of tomorrow are visionary. They are both learners and teachers. Not only do they foresee paradigm changes in society, but they also have a strong sense of ethics and work to build integrity in their organizations.
Raymond Cattell, a pioneer in the field of personality assessment, developed the Leadership Potential equation in 1954. This equation, which was based on a study of military leaders, is used today to determine the traits which characterize an effective leader. The traits of an effective leader include the following:

Natalie Elmgreen
Being a Leader
Being a leader takes a lot more than just being in charge. Being a leader means that people follow you. Not only do people want to follow a leader, people want to do what it takes to do better. This kind of policy about leadership applies to all kinds of leadership. There are certain skills and abilities that a leader has to have. These skills and abilities have a lot to do with being liked by people. A group of people are more likely to follow a leader who they respect, like or aspire to be like.
Some people are born to lead. There are just certain qualities that they have to lead. Kids at young ages can take on the role of a leader. Sports are a great way for kids to learn how to work with other people and find the most effective way to direct people. To me there are different kinds of leaders. There are example leaders, verbal leaders, quiet leaders, and combination people.
People, who lead by example, do their job to the best of their ability. Usually these are people who do their job better than anyone else. People follow them wanting to do the job the same way. They don’t have to say anything people just want to follow them.
Verbal leaders have the ability to make people do what they want through words. This kind of leader is not known to be most effective. This is known to cause people to be a little hostile toward the leader. For example sports teams that experience this kind of leader tend to have fights and other problems.
Quiet leaders aren’t people who are verbal or better at something. These are people who are smarter about how they go about everything. They know more about the task at hand and they strategize the best way to go about getting a job done. These are the most famous of leaders. Generals, presidents, and other positions of power use this kind of leadership. The best thing they do is think logically when there is major panic.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership
http://www.forbes.com/fdc/welcome_mjx.shtml

Zachery Sheldon
Agency and Administration
CH 16 Technology Summary

Technology within policing has been vastly improved. Over 14,600 police agencies have all their patrol officers equipped with some sort of TASER device. The use of non-lethal weapons and technology is increasing, and the TASER is a very effective weapon. By launching barbed wires with a high voltage shock it can quickly subdue suspects. They also have the TASER X12, which is a shotgun that fires a wireless electric charge at a suspect, it can be shot accurately at 100 feet. The technology doesn’t stop there, with the CompStat becoming a hot topic for police officers. This allows quick and effective information retrieval, allowing officers to quickly gain access over license place information, records for individual suspects, and for information to quickly be transferred to the data base.
Also, due to mobile phones having e-mail access and multimedia technology, mobile phones can allow much easier and faster access than a laptop. Technology also helps in high speed pursuits, where officers can release spike trips that can break apart and stay within the tire, slowly deflating it and lessoning the chance of a suspect losing control of their vehicle. Another type of spike strip is on that attaches to the vehicle than sends an electric pulse, disabling the vehicle by interfering with the ignition =, and only stopping when it is removed from the vehicle. Using remote controlled robots also help, by sending them into dangerous situations to retrieve information and to help on crime scenes, with the camera technology being able to pick up a lot more than what you can see with the eye. Crime mapping has been effective too, helping the community and officers see where crime trends progress and that habits they tend to have.
By using this, officers can quickly organize and stop crime by judging where they will go next and intercepting them. Courts are also trying to better use technology in their systems, by using a POD system, paper on demand, where they strictly would like paper to only be used in business situations, rarely, and to have most information stored on a computer system to prevent lost and damaged articles. As you can see, technology is very important within the policing and court systems, proving that with better technology, the better administration a system can have.

Chapter 9, 10, 11 Corrections
Josh Frerichs

Chapter 9 was talking about how corrections have been a booming industry. It talked about the prison and jail organization. The rise and contrivers of jails and prisons. Also talked about Super max prisons and how they worked and dealt with criminals. Also chapter 9 talked about some of the amendments. Chapter 10 examined the criminal justice employees who work in correctional institutions. They also must maintain a secure environment while attempting to offer some treatment in the correction facilities. Chapter 11 talks about the future of corrections places, and how to solve and make them better. Chapter 11 shows that they must develop new ways to deal with offenders.

Jonathan Burgess
Chapter 12 – Ethical Considerations

“Ethics is doing what is right or correct and is generally used to refer to how people should behave in a professional capacity.” (Peak) However, how can it be decided what is right, and whose way of thinking is the right way. There are many ethical dilemmas that criminal justice employees experience on a day to day basis. These ethical decisions are relevant to all parts of the criminal justice system. Whether working in the courts, corrections or police side of things there will always be ethical problems.

There are two types of ethics, absolute ethics and relative ethics. In absolute ethics something is either good or bad, there is no in between ground. In absolute ethics it is more complex, and there is in between ground where actions may be seen as bad by some and not bad by others. One of the biggest problems with ethics in the criminal justice system is that ethically the right decision may be illegal. For example, would it be okay to illegally wiretap a criminals phone to put him in jail and away from the public. This links in to the utilitarian approach to ethics, which is when the ends justify the means. Even though in the criminal justice system the means are just as important as the ends, there is something called noble cause corruption. This is the use of the double effect, which is “when one commits an act to achieve a good end and an inevitable but intended effect is negative.” (Peak) In other words it is corruption committed for the greater good. Noble corruption can occur anywhere in the criminal justice system but it is most relevant to police work.

Ethics is important in policing and all applicants to the police force will have to answer questions that asses the ethical beliefs and character before they can be hired. This is because they want to try to make sure they do not hire anyone that is likely to become corrupt in the future. There are also two types of lying in police work, accepted lying and deviant lying. Accepted lying is when police lie to help capture suspects and deviant lying is when police lie to convict suspects. Deception is a major part of police work, as it when used correctly it can lead to confessions and convictions. This is why accepted lying is expected to be used in police work. When the police use accepted lying it is not ethically wrong, as it is leading to a greater good.

Ethics is also very relevant in the courts, particularly with the judge. Ideally a judge will be perfect, and will not allow any personal factors to affect their decisions. Of course there is no perfect judge, however there are ethical standards they are expected to follow. In the court system the prosecutors are also expected to behave ethically, which is not something commonly known. The goal is not to win the case but that justice is served. Other court employees are also under ethical codes as they are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of the court system. People in corrections are exposed to similar ethical situations as police workers. The primary purpose of ethics in corrections is to help decision making.

It is important that criminal justice employees from courts, corrections and policing all understand ethics and the role it plays in their jobs. It is also important that the people in high up positions understand the damage corruption could do to the criminal justice system. To avoid corruption the criminal justice system needs to keep high standards in its hiring and in its recruitment. This will keep the criminal justice system in a good condition and ensure it remains a place where ethics are set at a high standard.

Peak, Kenneth. 2012. “Justice Administration” Pearson Education LTD. Print

Brandon Vasquez Ch 2 - Police Organizations
The federalism includes federal, state and local levels of the law enforcement. The different level agencies have their unique organization and they carry out their operations independently. However, they combine forces when need arises. The police are one of the major law enforcement agencies in the United States of America. The police agencies have a responsibility of detection and prevention of crime, maintenance of public order and apprehension of criminals in America. The police officers also protect the citizens and properties. This essay describes the various types of police agencies in the US and how each is organized. It also identifies the principal roles of the police organizations as it applies to the law and identifies the major organizational theories that are associated with policing.
The federal police agencies have the responsibility of enforcing the federal laws that are found in the federal constitution of the United States of America. Some of their roles include the control of immigrations, investigation and prevention of crimes, counterfeiting investigations, airport policing, protecting the federal institutions and protecting the head of states. The US federal police agency has a Federal Bureau of Investigation which is a special division that carries out crime investigations at the national level. Also, the federal police agencies are organized such that they have divisions that focus on the enforcement of specific laws such as the import and export laws, immigration laws, drugs and substance laws, firearms laws and finance laws. The federal police roles are very complex hence requires the highly skilled police officers. For instance federal bureau of investigation officers are holders of degrees in various fields and they have undergone a comprehensive training at the law enforcement academy. Also, there is a more specialized federal police agency called the secret service which is charged with the responsibility of protecting the federal officials and their families such as the US president.
In the United States of America, there are about twenty three state police agencies. These agencies limit their authorities to statewide. These state agencies discharge their duties outside the county jurisdiction. They carry out functions such as protecting the governors, maintaining the security of the states, traffic laws enforcement and train the local police officers. Under the state's level, there is highway patrol which has a responsibility of patrolling the state highways. There are other agencies at the state level such as the department of criminal investigation, state bureau of investigation, department of motor vehicle, alcohol and beverage control state department of justice and department of public safety.
On the local level, the roles and functions of the American law enforcement agencies are organized into municipalities and counties. The head officer of the county is called the county sheriff who stays in office for a term of four years. There are county police forces who are in who discharges their duties in the county governments and they are headed by the chief of the police. About 600000 officers are employed by the various municipalities. The local police agencies are the ones who carry out much ground work. For instance, they are responsible in investigating a large percentage of crimes in the country and they carry out patrol activities with the aim of deterring crime. The local police officers apprehend the criminal suspects and they participate in court proceedings. They are also given the responsibilities of peace keeping, traffic control and solving minor problems and disputes among the citizens. Sometimes, they provide social services to the society such as dealing with cases of child abuse and various forms of domestic violence.
The police agencies at federal, state and local levels follow the federal constitution laws and work independent of each other except during special situations. The organizational theories related to policing include classical organization theory and the contemporary management theory.

Candy Bryant—Chapter 13 Rights of Criminal Justice Employees
Because of issues raised in the workplace via torts and civil litigation, many enactments of legislation have attempted to address these issues. This starts at the hiring process and ends only at the termination end of employment depending upon if it is voluntary or not.
During the recruitment and hiring phase of employment, many agencies have resorted to internal promotions. However, testing and requirements have become the norms for consideration for those in and outside of the department, as long as they do not discriminate on gender, race, or any other protected groups based on federal law. It should be noted that there is no law that says just because someone applies for a job and meets all requirements that he or she will be hired. As well as it is fully legal to not hire someone based on their “track record” such as a bad driving record, or some other obscure condition. It is also known that some physical agility tests are geared so that more men qualify than women. Though there is now litigation that is popping up in regards to extreme physical tests that do not adequately reflect the job that is being applied for. For example it is perfectly reasonable to have a fire fighter applicant carry hose up a ten story tower in fire like conditions, but not have a secretary scaling 6 foot walls and mud ditches to answer the phone.
Age is also a factor when it comes to criminal justice employment. It is also coming to light that really there is no age limit as long as the person can physically perform their job to the level required. And mandatory retirement plans based on age have been introduced but the US Supreme Court has rejected them.
If an employer wishes to have criteria for hiring, no matter what those are, it must be job related. Discrimination against a particular class must be backed by legislation and must not be the only reason for not hiring the person. With the attempts to make hiring more fair such as affirmative action, employers must be very careful not to reverse discriminate based solely on the program and not for other justifiable reasons.
When it comes to rights of employment, even those states who have “at will” employment must notify the employee of possible termination unless that employee is still in their probationary period that must be predefined prior employment.
FLSA is likely considered a dirty word in the realm of public safety. This is because it outlines exactly how all employees must be compensated for their time outside of the predetermined work week. In the case of criminal justice, many officers do not just work their shift but are required to attend training and court. Because of this, they must then be compensated with pay at a rate of time and a half. Public safety workers are also allowed to accumulate comp time which then allows them to take time away from work at regular pay rates.
As far as work place safety, public safety personnel while following under OSHAA guidelines as far as required training standards for workplace safety, it is noted that criminal justice and public safety professionals are in a normally inherent dangerous workplace and thus OSHAA does not apply in all cases. It is instead understood that the employee themselves should “minimize the risk” to their own personal safety as best they can.
When addressing the constitutional rights of a criminal justice employee, the one that is most often debated is the Freedom of Speech. While it is unlawful to say that an employee cannot express concern or displeasure with their current employment in public safety, it is acceptable to impose restrictions on what can and cannot be disclosed to the public that a normal citizen would not have to adhere to. (HIPAA is a prime example of unilaterally imposed restrictions on what could be considered freedom of speech.)
As a criminal justice and public safety employee, be aware that off duty actions can be investigated by the department. This is to include the fact that search and seizure requirements also apply to all citizens, though those in the public safety employ are expected to be very cooperative due to the nature of their work. Be aware that search and seizure of private property housed in employer supplied storage can be searched without expectation of privacy.
Self-incrimination allows an officer to refuse to answer questions that relate to performance directly as long as he or she is aware that any answers cannot be used in criminal proceedings later.
Due to the nature of public safety work requirements, there are times when religious practices directly conflict with job requirements. If a solution cannot be worked out, then that employee may be asked to choose between the job and religion.
Sexual misconduct is prevalent and available in public safety. As public safety officers it is our responsibility to be aware of this and act accordingly knowing that impropriety can result in disciplinary actions.
Moonlighting and residency requirements have become the norm. It has been deemed acceptable that public safety employees should reside where they work. As far as moonlighting, it is often allowed if it can be shown to NOT affect the current employer negatively.
The courts are becoming harsher in dealing with the use of firearms. While it is noted that police officers carry and at times have need for their fire arm, excessive use is examined routinely. As officers we must know the risk of using our firearm. Not only could someone lose their life, but the courts can award damages to families if deemed a misuse.
Drug and alcohol testing is being used more and more in the public safety sector. In addition, policies in place to dictate the inebriation levels of on duty personnel are used as a basis for continuation of employment.
Because of the higher standard public safety employees are held to in regards to the constitutional rights, statutes have been put into place in several states that outline exactly what an accused officer is entitled to before disciplinary actions can take place. Known as the Peace Officers Bill of Rights, these statues outline not only what that employee is entitled to but also that they have they responsibility to cooperate with all disciplinary investigations.
Sexual harassment happens in the work place. This does not mean it should be tolerated. As public safety employees we need to be aware and proactive in such incidences as to realize that it times gets out of hand. If a supervisor cannot take care of the issue, the definition of sexual harassment can lead not only to disciplinary action but also compensation for the victim if they fail to address inappropriate behaviors.
If disabled, you are entitled to accommodation just like in any other sector of employment. However you must be able to perform your job duties based on the hiring requirements if you wish to continue in your current position. Otherwise you can be moved to a different position as part of the accommodations.
Chapter 6 Summary Alex Helms
Chapter 6 covers the organization of the courts and our court system in the U.S. It covers the importance of the Judge, the decorum of the courtrooms being so particular and grandiose. It explains symbold in the courtroom and what they mean and why they are places as they are. Everything about the courts stems from tradition dating back to 1790 in the U.S. And even earlier, into the 1400's, throughout the world and its various empires. It covers the jurisdiction of the federal, state, and local courts. It discusses appeals courts and trial courts and described our dual court system. It mentions the caseload of the courts and portrays the adversarial system sa a way to reach the truth.

page revision: 203, last edited: 17 Dec 2016 19:31

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Criminal Justice Collaboratory

Colby Community College

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