- Introduction to Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
- Juvenile Crime, Criminals, and Victims
- Theories of Delinquency
- Influences on Delinquency
- Juvenile System
- Digital Stories 2013
- Digital Stories
This course examines the historical precedents and philosophical reasons for treating juveniles differently from adults. We will review empirical evidence about child development that can illuminate the reasons for their special status within the system. We will also study the major theories that have been proposed as explanations of delinquent behavior. Finally, we take a detailed overview of the juvenile justice system, from its beginnings to the current state of the institution.
Explore juvenile behaviors, characteristics, and risk factors that lead to juvenile crime.
Show appropriate intervention strategies for juvenile offenders.
Identify factors that influence police discretion.
Next student post here.
Sheldon Nelson
Christian Jones
Peer Pressure leading to delinquency
When children become teens, they go through periods when relationships with peers are more important than any others, including those with parents, siblings and teachers. When teens listen to their friends more than they listen to experienced adults, they often find themselves in compromising situations. Teens want to fit in with their peer groups, and this desire to be accepted can cloud good judgment. This is especially true for teens who are facing difficult challenges at home. According to Joseph A. Wycliffe from the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, girls are especially at risk from the influence of peers when they lose their emotional connection with parents or other family members.
Some peer pressure can also be found by wrongful role models. Role models are often a big issue, due to leading kids into bad decisions. Kid's look up to who they are close to and usually follow what the role model does in thier life decisions. A child's brain is like a sponge to learning, they learn most to what they hear and see in people life decisions leading intro the process of "Monkey see, Monkey do". Kids like to be involved in who they are close to in life and want to do what they do.
There are umpteen reasons on what can lead a teen to commit a crime, and more often than not it is found that peer pressure plays a prominent role in it. Teenage is a stage when the individual is developing and learning through exploration. They are young, inexperienced and yet to become mature. Thereby, the possibilities of misjudging a situation and taking wrong decisions are innumerable. These are some reasons why teens end up committing crimes under peer pressure. They like to learn things the way they do and not what other's want them to do from Family and close friends who have realiable and personal experiences in life.
Sources:
http://www.livestrong.com/article/562252-how-does-peer-pressure-affect-juvenile-delinquency/
Justin Underwood
*Juvenile Criminal*
On a chilly morning in February 2009, state police found 26-year-old Kenzie Houk in her bed with a bullet though her head. She was eight months pregnant.The search for her killer ended with the most surprising murder suspect residents of Wampum, Pennsylvania, had ever seen a 11-year-old Jordan Brown, the son of the victim's fiancé. He is one of the youngest suspects in the country to be charged with homicide, legal experts say. There are two counts of homicide, one covering the fetus. Jordan Brown pleaded not guilty to the charges. In Pennsylvania, there is no lower limit for the age someone can be charged as an adult with criminal homicide. If convicted, Jordan now 12, faces life in prison without the possibility of parole.After nearly a year of silence, Jordan's family, friends and attorney are bringing attention to the case as more court hearings loom. They say Jordan is innocent and should be tried in juvenile court. This month, they will launch the Jordan Brown Trust Fund to raise money for his defense.His attorneys say Jordan is still unable to grasp the magnitude of what is happening to him. He is doing well in counseling, his attorneys and family say. With outcome of the decertification hearing still months away, there is little consolation for the victims' family. The victim's family wants Jordan to be charged as an adult for taking two lives.
Work Sited
http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/10/pennsylvania.young.murder.defendant/
Jesel Herrera
Juvenile Delinquency is a crime committed by someone who is under the age at which a criminal prosecution is possible. There are different ways a juvenile can be influence to commit a crime.
Mental Development
A child can be born with poor mental development that can include Deformities, and Nervous Diseases. Deformities can be cause during or after birth. The deformity can cause the child to feel left out, different and made fun off. This can lead the child to commit a crime that might make him/her feel better and might be regretted later on in life. Nervous Diseases can be such as Chorea, Epilepsy, and Poliomyelitis. Chorea is a disease that affects hips, shoulders and face. The child can control hand movements of shaking or swinging them around, and face expressions. Chorea can be a cause of complications during pregnancy. Epilepsy is a brain disorder, which the brain causes changes in attention or behavior. Poliomyelitis is a disease that affects nerves and can lead to someone being paralyzed. All this can be on the way of a child getting what they want in competition and be the cause of committing a crime in the return of feeling relief from the mental conflict.
Effect of Weather
The change of weather can be an effect on physical or mental conditions. The child will most likely change their mood depending on the type of weather.
Being Afraid
Being too scare of something or someone can cause an adolescent to carry weapons, try to commit suicide, lying or drug addiction. The adolescent might of suffer child abuse or saw one of their parents get hurt by others so they might fear that people around them might want to harm them and carrying weapons makes them feel safe. When problems in the family they adolescent or child might not be able to take it any longer and think that committing suicide will be the only way out.
Not getting enough attention
If the child doesn’t get enough attention from someone close to them by doing the right thing, they will get it in a different way even if the mean hurting someone, lying, stealing, or even running away from home.
In conclusion, children are most likely to follow what others do, their attitudes, beliefs and others ideas. If their family history shows delinquency is very likely the child will turn like them. They are more openly to suggestions from elders, respect ones, and groups such as gangs.
Word Cited
K. M. Banham Bridges, Factors Contributing to Juvenile Delinquency, 17 Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 531 (1926-1927)
Youth Activities Prevention of Delinquency
Big Brothers and Big Sisters is a program that helps volunteers become friends with youth within a county. Orvella Romine helps organize the volunteers to match with a youth in Thomas County. Her report of the statistics show that this program helps Youth Activities in Prevention of Delinquency.
http://thomas.kansasbigs.org/
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=big+brothers+big+sisters&FORM=HDRSC2
Cordae Mckelvy
Juvenile Court Process
Police officers are not the only ones who send juveniles to court. Fifteen percent are sent to court by either their parents, school or other people from different agencies. Dealing with teenagers can be a hassle at times. After entering the court house cases go through several different steps. Cases are handled in either a formal capacity or an informal intervention. Every case that reaches the court goes through the same five stages of the decision process.
The first stage is detention. Detention is something like a bail. During this step the decision is made rather or not to send the kid home or keep them in custody. The decision is made based on what’s best for society and what’s best for the kid. Initial decisions are made by probation officers or detention workers. But, the judge always has the final say. The decision on rather or not to hold the person in custody has to be made within two days. It is illegal for kids to be detained with adults. Detentions can be both secure and nonsecure. In secure detentions the juvenile is basically in a local jail. Nonsecure detentions consist of places like group homes. Where ever the child is detained it has to offer food, a place to sleep, health care, education and treatment programs. The idea is to help the child. They often reward good behavior that the juvenile shows in order to keep things stable.
The second stage of the decision making process is intake decision. During this stage the decision is made rather or not to file a petition. A probation officer or an intake officer does a full investigation on the child, which is later viewed by a prosecutor. Most cases are not petitioned. Those cases still have to go through some form of probation or some sort of treatment. This is known as informal adjustment. Other possible outcomes can be diversion. The juvenile may either have to go to teen court or drug court. In teen court the juvenile is reviewed by teens and can be punished with things like community service and writing letters. In drug court teens are placed on probation and have to take drug test.
The third stag is the transfer or waiver decision. During this step they decide if the juvenile will be tried as an adult. If this decision is made the crime will go onto the juveniles life long criminal record. There are four different types of transfers or waivers. The most common is the judicial waiver, this is where evidence of why the case should be pushed to adult court is shown to a judge. The second waiver is the prosecutorial waiver, this is where the decision is made rather or not to try the juvenile in the adult court. The next waiver is known as the legislative waiver or the statutory exclusion. During this waiver the legislator decides that certain juveniles must be tried in the adult court. During the once/always provision waiver says that once a juvenile is under the adult court they must stay there. These waivers do not have the final say. There is a reverse waiver where the adult court can send the juvenile back to juvenile court.
The fourth stage is adjudication. During this stage the judge decides if the case enough information is provided to support and go through with the petition. The juvenile is not considered guilty or innocent. During the Disposition stage the final decision on what to do with the person is made.
To be a juvenile is to be seen as an adult in some cases. Depending on the depth of the crime this isn’t always the best option. This is a topic that I cannot side with. Is a teenager developed enough mentally to be held accountable for bad decision that they may have made? Glad the decision is not in my hands. To avoid all of this, stay out of trouble.
Work Cited
Siegel, Larry J., and Brandon C. Welsh. Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law. 10th Ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.
Juvenile Criminal
By: Bernard Newbold, Keenan Williams, Anthony Stephens, Ryan Ptashkin and Arielle Gil-Sanz
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On November 6, 1993 a 15 year old high school female student was killed by her 15 year old boyfriend because she was pregnant with his child. The victim was identified as Kristina Grill. The juvenile defendant Maurice Bailey is serving life in prison for first degree murder at Fayette State Correctional Institution in Western Pennsylvania.
To this day, Maurice Bailey goes to sleep trying to understand what happened on November 6, 1993, when as a 15-year-old high school student he killed his 15-year-old girlfriend, Kristina Grill, a classmate who was pregnant with his child.
In an interview by the Ethan Bronner of the New York Times, Bailey said, “I think about it every night how it all happen that night, now at the age of 34 in my brown jumpsuit I have become a different person.” “Don't want to make excuse but I know it was a horrible act I committed but I am not the same person”.
When the Supreme Court in June banned mandatory life sentences without parole for those under age 18 convicted of murder, it offered rare hope to more than 2,000 juvenile offenders like Mr. Bailey. But it threw Ms. Jamriska and thousands like her into anguished turmoil at the prospect that the killers of their loved ones might walk the streets again.
The ruling did not specify whether it applied retroactively to those in prison or to future juvenile felons. As state legislatures and courts struggle for answers, the clash of the two perspectives represented by Mr. Bailey and Ms. Jamriska is shaping the debate.
Resentencing hearings have begun in a few places, but very slowly.
The governor of Iowa commuted the mandatory life sentences of his state’s juvenile offenders but said they had to stay in jail for 60 years before seeking parole, which critics said amounted to life in prison. Some Iowa resentencing is starting in courts despite that proclamation.
In Florida, a few hearings are in early stages even though an intermediate court ruled that juveniles serving mandatory life terms did not have the right to be resentenced. In North Carolina, life without parole has been changed from a requirement to an option, with a 25-year minimum sentence for those seeking parole.
Here in Pennsylvania, which has the most juvenile offenders serving life terms — about 480 — the State Supreme Court is examining retroactivity while the legislature works on a bill that would put felons like Mr. Bailey behind bars for a minimum of 35 years.
For the family of the victim, every night, Bobbi Jamriska tries to avoid going over that same event. Ms. Jamriska, Kristina’s sister, was a 22-year-old out for a drink with friends when she got the news. Ten months later, their inconsolable mother died of complications from pneumonia. Weeks later, their grandmother died.
“During that year, I buried four generations of my family,” Ms. Jamriska said at the dining room table of her Pittsburgh house, taking note of her sister’s unborn child. “This wrecked my whole life. It completely changed the person I was.”
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/us/juvenile-killers-and-life-terms-a-case-in-point.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
http://www.teenkillers.org/index.php/legislation/pennsylvania/
Chapter 1 Childhood and Delinquency
Jake Cox and Bryan Dillinger
Adolescent Dilemma
Adolescents and young adults often experience stress, confusion, and depression because of trouble and conflict occurring in their families, schools, and communities. Problems of American society and the daily stress of modern life have had a significant effect on our nation’s youth as they go through their tumultuous teenage years. Ego identity is formed when a person develops a firm sense of who he is and what he stands for, according to Erik Erikson. Role diffusion occurs when youths spread themselves too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves.
For most youths adolescent years are a time of trial and uncertainty for many youths. Several have health problems, are educational underachievers, and are already skeptical about their ability to enter the American mainstream. About 70 million kids in the U.S., a number that is projected to increase to around 80 million by 2025. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the poverty rate of children under 18 remains higher than that of 18- to 64-year-olds. More than 12 million children now live in poverty. Many children live in substandard housing-high-rise, multiple dwellings-which can have a negative influence on their long-term psychological health. Risks are greater among the poor, racial and ethnic minorities, and recent immigrants. Than that of stress in schools. Minority kids usually attend the most underfunded schools, receive inadequate educational opportunities, and have the fewest opportunities to achieve conventional success.
Development of Childhood
Although there are many dangers teens face today, there is also a Brightside. Teenage birthrates nationwide have declined substantially during the past decade. More kids are being read to by their parents more and more every day. In 1980 about 84 percent of teens finish high school, today about 88 percent complete high school. There is also less children being born with health risks than in 1990. Census data shows that around 86 percent of adults 25 and older have completed high school. Also, more than one-quarter of adults 25 and older have attained at least a bachelor’s degree.
Problems among youth in today’s society are both major national concern and an important subject for academic study. Over 2 million kids are arrested each year for crimes ranging in seriousness from loitering to murder. Even though most juvenile violations of the law are minor, some are still extremely dangerous and violent. More than 700,000 youths belong to over 20,000 gangs in the U. S. today. Some of these juveniles are involved in several serious crimes. State juvenile authorities must deal with these offenders, along with responding to a range of other social problems, including child abuse and neglect, school crime and vandalism, family crises, and drug abuse.
Concept of Delinquency
To provide more control in the 17th and 18th century boarding schools were established and began to flourish in many large cities during this time. The philosophy of the enlightenment stressed a humanistic view of life, freedom, family, reason, and law. The ideal person was sympathetic to others and receptive to new ideas. Government action to care for needy children developed. Poor laws forced kids to be trained by parents for agricultural, trade, or domestic services. Under the apprenticeship system, children were taught to discharge various duties and obtain skills by there parents. Chancery courts became significant arm of the British legal system. Court proceedings were created in fifteenth-century England to oversee the lives of highborn minors who were orphaned or otherwise could not care for themselves. The parens patriae concept gave the state the power to act on behalf of the child and provide care and protection equivalent to that of a patient.
sources:
Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law by Larry J. Siegel and Brandon C. Welsh 10th edition
http://www.talkleft.com/10yroldarrest.jpg
Chapter 2: Nature and Extent of Delinquency
By: Autumn Preston and Katrina Smith
There are many juvenile crimes and offenses and there also different ways to report the crime the U.C.R. The UCR includes both criminal acts reported to the local law enforcement departments and the number of arrests made by police agencies. They collect that has been compiled through law enforcement that focuses on juvenile crime and publish it in there yearly U.C.R reports. The F.B.I tallies the number or reported offenses that have been reported by the city and county and publish them.
Every month law agencies report how many crimes have been cleared. Crimes are cleared in two ways:
1.When at least one person is arrested, charged, and turned over to the court for prosecution.
2.Exceptional means, when some element beyond police control precludes the physical arrest of an offender.
Part 1 crimes include: murder, manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, arson and motor vehicle theft.
Part II crimes are compiled particularly for the research of juvenile crimes. There many methods that are put into play when compiling information for the U.C.R law enforcement must report the number of crimes known to them. When these crimes are found to be false or unfounded they are removed from the count.
The National Incident –Based Reporting System they collect data on each reported crime incident. But instead of submitting statements of the kinds of crimes that individual citizen’s report they ask for brief accounts of the incident. These crimes include blackmail, embezzlement drug offenses and bribery. One of the most important tools to measure juvenile delinquency and youthful misconduct is the self-report survey. It asks the kids to describe in detail their participation in anti-social activity for example in the past year have you taken anything that was worth more than 50$. People believe that is unreasonable to expect kids to admit to illegal acts such as shoplifting.
Adolescent Victims of Violence it has been founded that victimization among adolescents is extremely high in the United States about 1.8 million adolescents between the ages of 12 to 17 have been sexually assaulted. And 2.1 million had been punished by physical abuse. The most common form of youth victimization was witnessing violence seeing someone else shot, stabbed or sexually assaulted, physically assaulted or threatened with a weapon. More than half among African American and Hispanic have witnessed some for of assault victimization in their lifetime.
Works Citied:
Welsh, Brandon, and Siegel, Larry. Juvenile Deliquency Theory, Practice, and Law. Canada. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2009.
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Peers and Delinquency: Juvenile Gangs and Groups
Whitney Brown and Em Walz
The influence of peers is a big contribution to delinquency. In adolescence, friends can have more influence over decision making than parents. Sometimes this factor can contribute to the formation of a gang, or influence an individual's decision to join a gang. According to Frederick Thrasher, an experimentalist who studies gangs and their behavior, groups of youths form to meet needs such as play, fun, and adventure. Such activities can lead to delinquent acts. Thrasher also states that adult society doesn't meet the needs of youths and the formation of gangs can be due in part to this conflict. As the conflict continues, the groups become more solidified and their activities more violent. Thrasher concluded that gangs are not a haven for juveniles, but they offer a different lifestyle that fulfills personal needs that were neglected earlier in a youths life. The experience of being a gang member dominates the perceptions, values, expectations, and behavior of an individual. A gang is also self-reinforcing, for it's within a gang that the acceptance of illegal behavior is rewarded as opposed to punished.
Different types of gangs have been categorized by their dominant activity. There are some that are devoted to violence and to protecting neighborhood boundaries or turf, others are devoted to theft, some specialize in the trafficking of drugs, and still others are concerned with recreation rather than crime. Jeffrey Fagan concluded that most gangs fall into four categories: Social gang-Involved in few delinquent activities and involved in little drug trafficking, members are more concerned with social activities. Party gang: Concentrated mostly on drugs and the sales of which are used mainly to support individual use. Serious delinquent gang: Engages in serious delinquent behavior while avoiding drug dealing and usage. Drugs are used on social occasions. Organized gang: Heavily involved in criminality, drug sales and use are related to other crimes. Violence is used to dominate drug sale territories. The gang is on the verge of becoming a formal criminal organization.
Gangs use different forms of communication. Since gangs seek recognition from the community and their rivals, image and reputation depend on the ability to communicate. One major source of communication is graffiti. Other forms include clothing trends, body language, hairstyles, marks on the face or other parts of the body (i.e. tattoos), and hand signals. Of these, hand signals are one of the more powerful forms of nonverbal communication because a flash of the hand or signals can be used to issue a challenge or insult.
Regardless of race or category, typically all gangs commit more crimes than other youths in society. The more involved a youth is in a gang the more likely they are to report criminal behavior, have a rap sheet, and get sent to juvenile court. There are three explanations for the relationship between delinquency and gang membership: Selection hypothesis – kids that have a history of crime and violence join gangs and maintain delinquency once they become members. Facilitation hypothesis – Gang membership facilitates deviant behavior because it provides the structure and group support for antisocial activities. Enhancement hypothesis – Selection and facilitation work interactively, increasing the likelihood of enhanced criminality. Gang criminality has numerous patterns, some specialize in drug dealing, but not all. Those that are tend to only distribute small amounts on the streets, most of the big dealings are controlled by adults not youths.
Gangs are difficult to control. Aggressive police tactics can prove effective, but they also run the risk of becoming overbearing and since gangs represent a small percentage of crime rates, such tactics can make the situation worse by trapping youths in the justice system. Also, since gangs are comprised mostly of youths, kids begin feeling that they are being targeted by police simply because of their age. In contrast, police and intervention tactics proved effective in lowering crime rates in New York and gang activity had largely disappeared. Dealing with the development and existence of gangs is a delicate matter and requires different methods.
Work Cited
Siegel, Larry J., and Brandon C. Welsh. Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law. 10th Ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.
Delinquency Prevention: Social and Developmental Perspectives
The Many Faces of Delinquency Prevention~ preventing juvenile delinquency means many different things to many different people. Programs or policies designed to prevent juvenile delinquency can include the police making an arrest as part of an operation to address gang problems, a juvenile court sanction to a secure correctional facility, or, in the extreme case, a death penalty sentence. These measures are often referred to as delinquency control or delinquency repression which involves any justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a future delinquent act. More often, though, delinquency prevention refers to intervening in young people’s lives before they engage in delinquency in the first place which involves any non-justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a future delinquent act.
Costs of Delinquency: A Justification for Prevention~ the impacts of juvenile delinquency on society, which include such things as damaged property, pain and suffering to the victims, and the involvement of police and other agencies of the juvenile justice system, can be converted into dollars and cents. Victim costs resulting from an assault are as high as $9400, and even higher for rape and arson. The average murder costs around $3 million which includes victim costs and the costs to the justice system. Economist Mark Cohen estimates that the typical criminal career over the juvenile and adult years costs society between $1.3 and $1.5 million. Adding the costs of drug use and high school dropouts to a total cost between $1.7 and $2.3 million. Violence by juveniles was estimated to cost $2.6 billion in victim costs and $46 million in perpetrator costs for the States.
Randomized experimental design is considered the “gold standard” of the evaluation designs to measure the effect of a program on delinquency or other outcomes. Involves randomly assigning subjects either to receive the program or not receive it. Experimental group is the group of subjects that receive the program and the Control group is the comparison group of subjects that does not receive the program. Risk factor is a negative prior factor in an individual’s life that increases the risk of occurrence of a future delinquent act. Protective factor is a positive prior in an individual’s life that decreases the risk of occurrence of a future delinquent act.
Early prevention of delinquency have many different things such as home-based programs like home visitation, improving parenting skills by taking parenting classes, day care programs, preschool, and school programs in the primary grades. For prevention of delinquency in the teenage years you have programs such as mentoring like Big Brothers Big Sisters, school programs for teens, after-school programs like Boys and Girls Clubs of America, job training with Job Corps and YouthBuildU.S.A., and comprehensive community-based programs.
Future of Delinquency Prevention~ ethical concerns about early intervention, Is it right to intervene in the lives of children and young people using methods that may or may not be successful? Labeling and stigmatization associated with programs that target high-risk populations. Children and families receiving support may be called hurtful names and/or looked down upon by fellow community members. Long delay before early childhood programs can have an impact on delinquency. While the saying “pay now, save later” is true for this benefit to be felt can act as a deterrent. The future of delinquency prevention programs depends on the educating the public and the key decision makers about the value of preventing delinquency. The costs of running prevention programs are low relative to the costly nature of delinquency. Notwithstanding these important issues, the future of delinquency prevention is likely to be bright. With many local efforts, state initiatives, and a growing list of national programs showing positive results, the prevention of delinquency is proving its worth.
Siegel, Larry J., and Brandon C. Welsh. Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law. 10th Ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2009.
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Juvenile Justice: Then and Now
Juvenile Justice in the Nineteenth Century: at the beginning of the nineteenth century, delinquent, neglected, and runaway children in the United States were treated the as adult criminal offenders. Children, like in England, when convicted of crimes received harsh punishment similar to those imposed on adults. The adult criminal code applied to children, and no juvenile court system existed. Several events led to reforms and nourished the eventual development of the juvenile justice system: Urbanization, the child saving movement and growing interest in the concept of parens patriae, and development of institutions for the care of delinquent and neglected children.
Urbanization: urbanization gave rise to increased numbers of young people at risk, who overwhelmed the existing system of work and training. To accommodate destitute youths, local jurisdictions developed poorhouses and workhouses. The poor, the insane, the diseased, and vagrant and destitute children were housed there in crowded and unhealthy conditions. Urbanization and industrialization also generated the belief that certain segments of the population were susceptible to the influences of their decaying environment. Children in these classes were considered a group that might be saved by state and community intervention.
Intervention in the lives of these so called dangerous classes became acceptable for the wealthy, civic-minded citizens. These efforts included settlement houses, a term used around the turn of the twentieth century to describe shelters or non-secure residential facilities for vagrant children.
The Child Saving Movement: the problems generated by urban growth sparked interest in the welfare of the “new” Americans, whose arrival fueled this expansion. In 1816, prominent New Yorkers formed the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism. This group was mostly concerned with shutting down taverns, brothels, and gambling parlors and also concerned with the moral training of children of the dangerous classes was inadequate.
Their focus was on extending government control over youthful activities such as drinking, vagrancy, and delinquency that had previously been left to family or private control. House of Refuge: the most prominent of the care facilities developed by child savers was the House of Refuge. The first house was constructed in New York City. It opened January 1, 1825, with only six boys and three girls, but within the first decade of its operation 1,678 inmates were admitted due mostly to petty crimes. Were They Really Child Savers: in the course of “saving children” by turning them over to houses of refuge, the basic legal rights of children were violated: Children were simply not granted the same constitutional protections as adults.
Children’s Aid Society: as an alternative to secure correctional facilities, New York philanthropist Charles Loring Brace helped develop the Children’s Aid Society in 1853. His formula for dealing with delinquency in youths was to rescue them from the harsh environment of the city and provide them with temporary shelter. With too many children to place orphan trains shipped them out into the western farming communities which would take the children to live with foster like families and was activated in 1854. In 1874 the first Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC) was established in New York. This group would be like Social Services today that had agents to take children from their homes and arrest anyone who interfered.
A Century Of Juvenile Justice: by 1850 juvenile delinquency was the fastest growing component of the local crime problems. This showed that the flow of juvenile cases strengthened the argument that juveniles needed their own court system. The early juvenile courts major functions of the juvenile justice system were to prevent juvenile crime and to rehabilitate juvenile offenders. Reforming the System was slowly coming. In 1912 the U.S. Children’s Bureau was formed as the first federal child welfare agency. By the 1930’s the bureau began investigating the state of juvenile institutions and tried to expose some of their more repressive aspects. The federal Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act of 1968 established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) to provide federal funds for improving the adult and juvenile justice systems. In the 1980’s the LEAA was phased out and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) became an independent agency in the Department of Justice. The latest effort was the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.
Juvenile Justice Today: the juvenile justice process has a little more than 70% of all children arrested referred to the juvenile court system. When youths commit a crime, police have the authority to release youths to an adult or to commit them to the juvenile courts. The juveniles go through the same type of process that adults go through and if are convicted will go to a juvenile justice center unless age is close to 18 and depending on the crime could be charged as an adult.
Juvenile Court Process: Pretrial, Trial, and Sentencing
The Juvenile Court and Its Jurisdiction~ today’s juvenile delinquency cases are sometimes handled as part of a criminal trial court jurisdiction or even within the probate court. Also called surrogate court in some states, probate court of special jurisdiction that handles wills, administration of estates, and guardianship of minors and incompetents. Court case flow in 2004 was a little more than 1.6 million delinquency cases that were referred to the juvenile court. This represents a 9% decrease in court case flow from the peak year in 1997 and a 7% decrease in the last decade.
The Actors in the Juvenile Courtroom~ the key players in the juvenile court are prosecutors, judges, and defense attorneys. The Juvenile Defense Attorney is a person that represents children in juvenile court and plays a active role at all stages of the proceedings. In some cases, a guardian ad litem may be appointed by the court. They are a court-appointed attorney who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the child’s welfare. Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) are court appointed special advocates that employ volunteers who advise the juvenile court about child placement. The Public Defender is an attorney who works in a public agency or under private contractual agreement as defense counsel to indigent defendants. The Juvenile Prosecutor is the attorney responsible for bringing the state’s case against the accused juvenile. Prosecutors are members of the bar selected for their positions by political appointment or popular election. The Juvenile Court Judge is elected or appointed to preside over juvenile cases and whose decisions can only be reviewed by a judge of a higher court. Their responsibilities have become far more extensive and complex in recent years. They have the rule on pretrial motions, the decision about continued detention of children prior to trial, make decisions about plea bargain agreements, handles trials, the rule of appropriateness of conduct, settle questions about evidence and procedure, and guide the questioning of the witness, assumes responsibility for holding dispositional hearings and deciding on the treatment accorded the child, handles waiver proceedings, and handles appeals where allowed by statue.
Juvenile Court Process: Release or Detain~ detention is the temporary care of a child alleged to be delinquent who requires secure custody in physically restricting facilities pending court disposition or execution of a court order. Shelter care is a place for temporary care of children in physically unrestricting facilities. National Detention Trends~ despite an ongoing effort to limit detention, juveniles are still being detained in one out of five delinquency cases (21%), with some variations across the major offense categories: violent (28%), property (19%), drugs (22%), and public order (30%). New approaches to detention~ efforts have been ongoing to improve the process and conditions of detention. Experts maintain that detention facilities should provide youth with education, visitation, private communications, counseling, continuous supervision, medical and health care, nutrition, recreation, and reading.
Bail for Children~ bail is the amount of money that must be paid as a condition of pretrial release to ensure that the accused will return for subsequent proceedings. Bail is normally set by the judge at the initial appearance, and if unable to make bail, the accused is detained in jail. Preventive detention is the keeping of the accused in custody prior to trial because the accused is suspected of being a danger to the community. The Intake Process~ intake is the process during which a juvenile referral is received and a decision is made to file a petition in juvenile court to release the juvenile, to place the juvenile under supervision, or to refer the juvenile elsewhere. Diversion~ is the official halting or suspending of a formal criminal or juvenile justice proceeding at any legally prescribed processing point after a recorded justice system entry, and referral of that person to a treatment or care program or a recommendation that the person be released. Widening the net is a phenomenon that occurs when programs created to divert youths from the justice system actually involve them more deeply in the official process. Complaint is the report made by the police or some other agency to the court that initiates the intake process. Plea bargaining is the exchange of prosecutorial and judicial concessions for a guilty plea by the accused; plea bargains usually results in a reduced charge or a more lenient sentence. Transfer process is a transfer of a juvenile offender from the jurisdiction of juvenile court to adult criminal court. Transfer hearing is a pre-adjudicatory hearing in juvenile court for the purpose of determining whether juvenile court should be retained over a juvenile or waived and the juvenile transferred to adult court for prosecution. Due process is a basic constitutional principle based on the concept of the primacy of the individual and the complementary concept of limitation on governmental power. Confidentiality is the restriction of information in juvenile court proceedings in the interest of protecting the privacy of the juvenile.
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Juvenile Delinquency By: Siegal Welsh
Choice, Deterrence, Biological, and Psychological Theories
Social Structure, Social Process, and Social Reaction Theories
Chapter:3 Individual Views of Delinquency
By: Autumn Preston and Katrina Smith
In this chapter we learned about the different views of Juvenile. Delinquency there are so many factors that can influence individual behaviors. An all of these factors must be taken into consideration some of these factors are mental stability, environment, poverty or even feelings of being insignificant and hopeless. A rational delinquent can easily make rational decisions and the consequences of breaking the law. They feel as though they want be caught they see different people who break the law but are never caught. They see the materialistic things that can get cars, clothes and sometimes or even respect the kids must be taught that if you do the crime you will be punished.
Many kids violate the law because sometimes it’s a path that they must take either because of their situation at home is unfit or financial purposes. Juveniles need to have their financial needs met, parental control and some source of stability and self-worth. Juveniles need to feel as though they are needed, loved and appreciated. There are different strategies that can be taken to influence juvenile delinquency: General Deterrence, Specific Deterrence, Incapacitation and Situational Crime Prevention.
General Deterrence is basically by threatening to punish them the more severe the punishment the more effective it would be. If kids believe that if they commit a crime that they will certainly be punished they will realize that delinquency doesn’t pay. A few courts have started trying juveniles as adults they believe that when juveniles realize how severe their punishment will be that they are less likely to commit crimes.
Specific Deterrence focuses on punishing the offenders so severe that they never commit any illegal acts anymore. It is one of the most popular forms of deterrence known because its approach to control crime. There are many factors that are proven between the experience of being punished and the fear of being punished.
Incapacitation is known as the punishment for the most dangerous and repeats juvenile offenders. It puts the juvenile in adult prisons there they are exposed to more risk it’s kind of like a scared straight program. It teaches the juvenile that they will be incarcerated at an adult prison if you don’t change the things that you are doing.
Situational Crime Prevention is trying to figure what things, situations or people influence juveniles to commit crimes. It identifies what juveniles are at risk they try to reduce the rate of delinquency crime rates. There idea is to make it so difficult to commit certain crimes that the juvenile will realize that it is not worth the risk.
There are different views on why juvenile crime is committed and there are different theories on how to control it.
Works Cited:
Welsh, Brandon, and Siegel, Larry. Juvenile Deliquency Theory, Practice, and Law. Canada. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2009.
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Ch 4:Social Structure,Process,Culture,and Delinquency
By: Autumn Preston and Katrina Smith
What comes to your mind when you hear the word juvenile? As defined juvenile is an immature youth. How can anyone understand teen violence and their behavior? The way teens act are based upon the family life may have been dysfunctional, schools inadequate, and their per group damaging.
According to some delinquency experts the cause of delinquency rests within the dynamics of the social world. There are six critical factors believed to cause delinquent behaviors.
1.Interpersonal interactions: social relationships with families, peers, schools, jobs, criminal justice agencies may play important role in sharing behavioral choices.
2.Community conditions: crime and delinquency rates are highest in deteriorated inner-city areas.
3.Exposure to violence: children living in poor neighborhoods are exposed to a constant stream of antisocial behavior. When children see violence with their own eyes the more likely they are to become violent themselves.
4.Social change: political unrest and mistrust, economic stress, and family disintegration and social changes that have increased delinquency rates.
5.Low socioeconomic status: people who live in poverty may have the greatest may have the greatest incentive to commit delinquency.
6.Racial disparity: poverty rates among minority groups are still significantly higher than that of whites.
These social problems and conditions all play a role in the behaviors of American youth and my lead them towards antisocial behaviors. Prominent social theories of delinquency are based on the effects of social problems and social relations. They are divided into two main groups:
•Social structure theories hold that delinquency is a function of a person’s place in the economic structure.
•Social process theories view delinquency as the result of a person’s interaction with critical elements of socialization.
People in the United States live in a stratified society which is grouping society into classes based on the unequal distribution of scarce resources. Society is grouped into three different classes: upper-class citizens, middle-class citizens, and lower-class citizens. Upper class has the highest rank of wealth and family connections. Middle class has average status, income and educations. Lower class has the lowest rank of income, lack of skills and education. Sociologist Oscar Lewis coined the phrase “culture of poverty” is the view that lower-class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms that conflict with society. Children who grow up in poverty homes are less likely to achieve in school and probably won’t complete school. According to statistics considering there are about seventy million juveniles in the U.S. more than twelve million are now living below the poverty line. Studies have documented the association between family poverty and children’s health, achievement, and behavior impairments.
Social structure theories suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas are the key determinant of delinquent behavior patterns. How can the association between poverty and delinquency be precisely explained? Three independent branches of social theories are: social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory.
1.Social disorganization focuses on conditions in the environment:
a.Deteriorated neighborhoods.
b.Inadequate social control.
c.Law-violating gangs and groups.
d.Conflicting social values.
2.Strain theory focuses on conflict between goals and means:
a.Unequal distribution of wealth and power.
b.Frustration.
c.Alternative methods of achievement.
3.Cultural deviance combines elements of both strain and social disorganization:
a.Development of subcultures as a result of disorganization and stress.
b.Subcultural values in opposition to conventional values.
Sociologist Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay introduced social disorganization in the early twentieth century and the views have been updated by contemporary social ecologist. There are seven important social ecological concepts: community disorder, poverty concentration, community fear, gangs and fear, community change, and collective efficacy.
Collective efficacy is defined as the ability of communities to regulate the behavior of their residents through the influence of community institutions. There are three forms of collective efficacy:
1.Informal social control
2.Institutional social control
3.Public social control
According to French sociologist Emilie Durkheim defined anomie as normlessness produced by rapidly shifting moral values. Her ideas were applied to the onset of crime and delinquency in contemporary society by sociologist Robert Merton and his theory of anomie. Merton discovered two elements of culture interact to produce potentially anomic conditions: the clash of culturally defined goals and socially approved means. He said, “That every person has his or her own concept of the goals of society and the means at his her disposal to attain them. Social adaptations are divided into five categories: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
General strain theory according to Robert Agnew, is the view that multiple sources of strain interact with and individual’s emotional traits and responses to produce criminality. He suggests that delinquency is the result of negative affective states—-anger, frustration, and adverse emotions that kids feel in the wake of negative and destructive relationships. Negative affective states are produced by a variety of sources of strain:
•Failure to achieve positively valued goals—youth aspires for wealth and fame but lacks the financial and educational resources to achieve goals.
•Disjunction of expectations and achievements—kids compare themselves to peers who seem to be doing a lot better financially or socially.
•Removal of positively valued stimuli—anticipated removal or loss of a positively valued stimulus from the individual.
•Presentation of negative stimuli—negative experiences, such as child abuse and neglect, crime victimization, racism and discrimination, physical punishment, family and peer conflict, school failure, and interaction with stressful life events.
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin combined strain and social disorganization principles into a portrayal of a gang-sustaining delinquent. Cloward and Ohlin theory is the concept of differential opportunity the view that lower-class youths, whose legitimate opportunities are limited, join gangs and pursue criminal careers. Youth are likely to join three types of gangs: criminal gangs, conflict gangs, and retrestist gangs. According to this view, delinquency is a function of socialization, the interactions people have with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society. There are three elements of socialization that are linked to delinquency: family, school, and peer relations. Theorists who believe that an individual’s socialization determines the likelihood of delinquency adopt the social process approach to human behavior. The social process approach is broke down into two independent branches:
1.Social learning theory suggests that adolescents learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close and intimate relationships with delinquent peers. According to Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory is the moat important social learning theories. Differential association has some basic principles: delinquent behavior is learned, learning is a by-product of interaction, learning occurs with intimate groups, criminal techniques are learned, perceptions of legal code influence motives and drive, differential associations may vary in duration, frequency, priority, and intensity and delinquent behavior is and expression of general needs and values. Second type of social control theory is neutralization theory the process of becoming a delinquent is a learning experience in which potential delinquents and criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior. The neutralization techniques have certain patterns: deny responsibility, deny injury, deny the victim, condemn the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties.
2.Social control theory maintains that all kids have to potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activity. Elements of social bond are divided into four main elements: attachment, commitment, involvement and belief.
•Attachment is a person’s sensitivity to and interest in others.
•Commitment involves the time, energy, and effort expended in conventional lines of action, such as receiving an education and saving money.
•Involvement is heavy involvement in conventional activities.
•Belief adhere to such values as sharing, sensitivity to the rights of others, and admiration for the legal code.
In summary youths choices and attitudes are based on their childhood. Most children who were raised in a abusive, poor home, and drug and drinking problems will more than likely be the abuser or be abuse themselves and drink and do drugs. Also being raised in a poor environment will make their self esteem low, make them feel that they don’t fit in at school and cause them depression that could lead to ending their lives.
Works Cited:
Welsh, Brandon, and Siegel, Larry. Juvenile Delinquency Theory, Practice, and Law. Canada. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2009.
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Delinquency Prevention and Intervention
Apply juvenile justice theories to practical situations.
Next student post here.
Jacob Townsend
Influences on Juvenile Justice. Truancy Officers.
Juvenile justice, also known as juvenile offending or Nikki Boleyjack by people such as easton, is participation in illegal behavior by minors (juveniles) (individuals younger than the statutory age of majority). In criminal justice it is often not the job of the daily street cop to deal with matters of the youth unless it pertains to deadly crimes, or crimes where the officer are called in to pertaining to parties and underage drinking. Most of the youth “problems”/ crimes are often dealt with today by truant officers. These truant officers often deal with youth skipping class, and causing general discord on student campus's. Here is a story on how Truant officers are actually dwindling in today's culture. This recent article has found that more than 50 officers in the Chicago district who actually went actively out into districts and tried to find out why the kids, were skipping class, often stopping them from committing even more dangerous crimes thus stopping some of these children from becoming major problems in society and thus causing more charges and adding to the prison population.
http://www.wbez.org/series/curious-city/what-heck-happened-chicagos-truancy-officers-110282
http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/District_Dossier/2014/08/chicago_and_stateneed_to_do_mo.html
Chapter 7 Gender and Delinquency
By Bryan Dillinger and Jake Cox
Being able to discuss the development of interests in female delinquency. Female delinquency was viewed as emotional or family-related, and such problems were not an important concern. Contemporary interest in the association between gender and delinquency has increased, girls are now getting involved in serious offenses that are similar to young males offenses. Also, gender conceptions of gender differences has changed. Resulting in increasing effort to conduct research that would adequately explain differences and similarities in make and female offending patterns.
Psychologist believe that gender differences in the way makes and females are socialized affect their development. Parents may treat boys and girls differently, encouraging what the consider to be appropriate male and female behavior. Socialization also may influence aggressive behavior. As the mature girls learn to respond to provocation by feeling, anxious, unlike boys, who are encouraged to retaliate. There is also cognitive differences between boys and girls starting in childhood. Research shows that gender difference in cognitive performance suggest female superiority on visual-motor speed and language ability and male superiority on mechanical and visual-spatial tasks. Most cases are that cognitive differences are small, narrowing, and usually attributed to cultural expectations.
Few experts suggest that gender differences may have a biological origin. Another view is that these differences are developed over the life course and reflect different treatment of males and females.
Empirical evidence suggests that girls who reach puberty at an early age are at the highest risk for delinquency. “early bloomers may be more attracted to older adolescent boys, and increased contact with this high-risk group places the girls in jeopardy for antisocial behavior. Research shows that both boys and girls who reach puberty early are at increased risks of victimization. Clinical interviews indicate that the female delinquents are significantly more likely than males to suffer from mood disorders.
Socialization views are based on the idea that a child’s social development may be the key to understanding delinquent behavior. Girls may be supervised more closely than boys. If girls behave in a socially disapproved fashion, their parents may be more likely to notice. There is a significant body of literature linking abusive home lives to gang participation and crime. The socialization approach holds that family interaction is the key to understanding the female delinquency. Girls are expected to follow narrowly defined behavioral patterns.
According to liberal feminists, females are less delinquent than males, because their social roles provide fewer opportunities to commit crime. Critical feminists hold that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women and the subsequent exportation of women and men. The cause of female delinquency originates with the onset of male supremacy and the efforts of males to control females’ sexuality.
John Hagan and his associates have speculated that gender differences in delinquency are a function of class differences that influence family life. His power-control theory suggests that class influences delinquency by controlling the quality of family life. These families produce daughters whose law-violating behaviors mirror those of their brothers. Power-control theory helps explain the relative increase in female delinquency by stressing the significance of changing feminine roles. The decline of the patriarchal family may produce looser family ties on girls, changing sex roles, and increased delinquency.
As a general rule males who are involved in the justice system are sanctioned more severely than females. Some critics believe that girls, more than boys, are still disadvantaged if their behavior is viewed as morally incorrect by government officials or if they are considered beyond parental control. Girls may still be subject to harsh punishments if they are considered dangerously immortal.
Sources:
Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law by Larry J. Siegel and Brandon C. Welsh 10th edition
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Matthew Espinoza
Bev Johnson
Chapter 8
Juvenile Delinquency
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child abuse and neglect have been occurring since the start of time, but it wasn’t until 1874 that the first efforts were taken to deal with the issue. C. Henry Kempe (University of Colorado) was the first person to really research the issue and in 1962 came up with the term battered child syndrome which is when a child is physically injured by their parents or guardians, and the injury was not the result of an accident. Child abuse is defined as any sort of emotional or physical trauma to a person under the age of eighteen years for which there is no reasonable explanation, such as an accident. Neglect refers to when a parent or guardian deprives a child of necessities in a broad range from food and shelter right down to depriving a child of love. Abuse and neglect more often than not occur together and can take many different forms.
1. Physical abuse – any action that either hurts a child or is meant to hurt a child
2. Physical neglect – not providing children with enough food, a place to live or any medical attention they might need. Physical neglect can also happen if you fail to protect a child from physical danger.
3. Emotional abuse – leaves lifelong psychological scars and includes:
a. Constantly humiliating or shaming a child
b. Calling children derogatory names
c. Telling a child that they are bad or worthless
d. Yelling at children a lot or threatening them
e. Rejecting or acting as if the child isn’t there as a form of punishment
f. Not showing the child any signs of affection
g. Letting the child be abused by anything or anyone, including pets
4. Abandonment – when parents leave the children with the intention of completely ending their relationship with the children.
5. Sexual abuse – can range from rewarding a child for sexual behavior that is not appropriate for their age to rape and molestation.
While sometimes people are able to hide a child being abused so that nobody is made the wiser about the situation, there are warning signs of abuse and neglect that people can watch for.
1. A child is very withdrawn and scared of doing something wrong
2. A child has very different extremes in behavior
3. A child is not attached to the parent or guardian
4. A child has bruises or other visible injuries too often
5. A child acts scared to be touched and doesn’t want to be with the parent/guardian
6. A child’s overall hygiene is bad, such as dirty clothes, dirty hair and body, and even body odor
7. A child is left unsupervised and often is either late or absent from school
8. A child is having trouble with getting around such as walking or sitting
9. A child has inappropriate knowledge of sexual things
10. A child has run away from home frequently
Child abuse and neglect can occur in any home but certain situations seem more prone to the occurrence such as:
1. If there is a domestic violence problem in the home
2. If there is alcohol or drugs being used in the home
3. If there is a person in the home that has an untreated mental illness
4. If there is too much stress in the home or the parents do not have any support to help with the children.
If you think you know of a child that is being abused than it is necessary to get professionals involved. You can always try to help on your own, but there are several risk factors involved for yourself and the child if you do so. If you are a parent or caregiver and you are questioning yourself there are tips that can help you see if you have crossed the line and also ways to get help.
1. If you get very angry at the child and you cannot control your temper
2. You and your child are not emotionally connected
3. You feel as if it is impossible to meet the child’s everyday needs
4. Other people that are around you and the child are voicing concerns.
The most important thing that you can do as a caretaker if you feel that you have crossed the line is to get help. You can get help with your parenting skills, your emotional problems, and with taking care of yourself so that you can better care for your child.
Child Abuse & Neglect: Recognizing and Preventing Child Abuse www.helpguide.org
Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice and Law. Larry J. Siegel and Brandon C. Welsh. 2009, 2006 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Matthew Espinoza
Bev Johnson
Chapter 10
Juvenile Delinquency
Legal Rights in the School
In the battle over rights in the school systems the education officials and the court system often ram heads. There are many issues involved with all of the conflict and controversy, but three of the headlining issues are:
1. Privacy
2. Free speech in school
3. Discipline in the school
When introducing privacy as an issue we are talking about the rights of students in the school to privacy. This issue is mostly about whether or not school officials have the right to search through a student’s personal possessions and also interrogate the student. School officials argue that because of problems such as drug abuse, theft, as well as many other conflicts they should be allowed to search students’ possessions and report any suspicious activities on the basis of safety for all students. The supreme court found that while the Fourth Amendment does protect students from searches and seizures without probable cause by police officers school officials can search on the grounds of only suspicion to ensure the safety of all students. The only grey area in this matter is whether or not school officials can search lockers and desks, which can be decided by each state individually. Another issue involving privacy is the court’s decision to allow random drug-testing of any or all student athletes. People advocating the drug-testing argue that the positive outcomes of the drug-testing, such as a reduction in drug use as well as a means of early intervention for drug users, far outweigh the negative outcomes. The negative side of the argument is all about violating the students’ constitutional rights such as the laws of being presumed innocent and laws that involve a person being free from any unwarranted searches or seizures.
Freedom of speech is a constitutional right guaranteed by the First Amendment. When it comes to freedom of speech in schools the right is split into two major areas:
1. Passive speech – a form of expression that does not involve saying words, such as symbols or wearing certain clothes. In matter involving passive speech the courts have found that children do still have their First Amendment rights, even while at school.
2. Active speech – a form of expression that does involve spoken words and expressions as well as gestures. In cases involving active speech the courts have found that school officials can censor students if they are undermining the mission to impart knowledge and give a good education to all students. Many wonder, though, whether or not the school officials are attempting to control too much.
The third major issue involved with legal rights in the school system is discipline in the school. Most states in the United States today have statutes based on the concept of in loco parentis, which is that the school officials assume the parental duties over the children while they are in school, and this includes corporal punishment. There have been cases where the issue was taken to court such as Ingraham v. Wright. In this case two students were injured from a paddling they received at school from school personnel. The courts ruled in favor of the school, but the ruling came down that schools are allowed to discipline students, but the students to have rights so far as the discipline cannot be unreasonable or excessive.
Pros & Cons of Drug Testing in Schools by Kelly Kaufmann http://www.ehow.com/about_5082648_pros-cons-drug-testing-school…
Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice and Law. Larry J. Siegel and Brandon C. Welsh. 2009, 2006 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
check your reference links
The Influences Of Delinquency
Brandon Geade, Breanna Emahizer, Jason Manning, Marcus Tibbles
The influences of juvenile delinquency is an upstanding problem in our modern day and age. There are many things that influence kids of today. Peer pressure, bad parents, and sometimes they’re just born bad. We will focus on peer pressure and the parents.Peer pressure is one of the biggest influences on the young mind. Wanting to fit in with the peers or to be seen as cool, or to follow the “pack” or the current trends. One of the biggest reasons peers can be influential is that they continue to nag the subject until he cracks like a lonely egg under a frying pan. Some of the methods of peer pressure are teasing, taunting, and bullying. Of course if the youngling goes through with such acts of influenced negative behavior , he could end up in jail. Possibly ruining his life for a while. There aforementioned acts can include narcotics, vandalism, theft, arson, abuse, illegal sexual interactions, alcoholic beverages consumption and public mopery. Negative acts such as what is mentioned before can lead to further development of deviant activities, which can cause further criminal behavior.
When life in the home is poor and so are the parents, juveniles tend to act out at anything authoritaritive. If their parents abuse them they may continue the abuse later in life. When being abused the juvenile may choose to act against the parent or bottle it in , when getting older the child may pass this action down and abuse their own child. If one of the parents is a criminal the child may follow suit. The affect is the follow up is that the child may develop extreme criminalistic behaviours towards other pillars of our societial structure. Such as citizens.
http://facstaff.elon.edu/ajones5/Anika%27s%20paper.htm
http://www.example.com https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/jjjournal_2003_2/page3.html
image http://www.teenjury.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/kid-court.jpg
++Drug Use and Delinquency Chapter 11++
Made by: Em Walz and Whitney Brown
We hear about it every day. Another teen celebrity with a drug problem going to rehab. On the other end of the spectrum we assume the homeless teens are most likely addicts. Why do we think this way? Our nation has been spending billions of dollars on this “war on drugs”, but what have we really accomplished. Nothing. We still have that everlasting connection between rates of drug use and juvenile delinquency.
How do we obtain our data on this subject? We have conducted national surveys. The group PRIDE and their survey has shown us that teen drug use and abuse has increased slightly in the last few years, while the Monitoring the Future and National Survey on Drug Use and Health report a drop in drug and alcohol abuse in the last 5 to 10 years. Surveys done on arrestees have indicated that a significant proportion of teenagers are drug users and many are high school dropouts. There are also self-report surveys that may or may not be accurate, but still state that half of all high school seniors have tried drugs. The sad thing is that studies have shown that the human brain doesn’t stop growing until age twenty four. Drug use can throw the emotion center of the brain out of whack, leading to more emotional problems and violence, not to mention problems with cognition and motor skills.
What drugs are we talking about and who is using them? Some juveniles are occasional users who may sell to their friends, while others are strictly dealers such as gang members and use violence to control their turf and trade. Then there are the “losers” and “burnouts” that are in and out of the system and never break the cycle. Although alcohol is the most widely abused drugs by teens, there are other popular drugs on the “market”. Let’s take a look at a few of these drugs. Marijuana and hashish, cocaine, heroin, alcohol make up the frequently abused drug category. Other drug categories include anesthetic drugs, inhalants, sedatives and barbiturates, tranquilizers, hallucinogens, stimulants, anabolic steroids, designer drugs and of course cigarettes. All of these are dangerous, and when mixed together as many are, they are especially potent. The synergistic effect takes place and the juvenile has dug his/herself into a hole they may not come out of.
Why are these kids taking these drugs? Today’s youth may use drugs for a variety of reasons including peer pressure, parental substance abuse, feelings of inadequacy or shame, perceived benefits (such as relaxation and creativity), emotional problems, and because they may be suffering from a behavioral problem. They also may have learned behavior from people in their family or community. Juveniles who grow up in poverty where there is a high rate of hopelessness and despair look for ways to make the “big money” and often end up behind bars penniless.
Can we solve the problem? Many attempts have been made to control the drug trade ranging from infiltrating drug rings to treating addicts with rehabilitation. The D.A.R.E. Program (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) which was founded in 1983 focuses on 5 main areas. First, providing accurate information about tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. Second, they teach students techniques to resist peer pressure. Third, they teach students to respect the law and law enforcement. Fourth, they give students ideas for alternatives to drug use. Finally and fifth, they help students to build self-esteem.
Some say that legalization of drugs is an option. I would rather refer to it as “decriminalization”. The goal is that by decriminalizing drug use there will be a reduction between the association of drug use and crime. This is where the “slippery slope” argument comes in. For instance, if we decriminalize a small amount of marijuana, then what’s next? Marijuana is notorious “gateway drug”. It is believed to be a substance that leads to the use of more serious drugs, although alcohol has long thought o have led to more serious drug use. Regardless, the argument is a heated one. One hand decriminalization may lead to a larger number of substance users. On the other hand decriminalization may actually lead to a reduction in violence and other criminal activity (such as gangs dealing drugs).
In conclusion, you will find a connection between drug use and juvenile delinquency everywhere from small towns to big cities. Early education about the risks of drug use and abuse is still the best way to prevent a future problem from developing. The only difference is the degree of accessibility regarding a wide range of "uppers, downers and all-arounders". Juveniles are especially susceptible to being drawn into the drug world. They strive for acceptance and earn it the wrong way. Some overcome their problem, while others carry it with them to adulthood; and some to the bitter end. This leaves family and friends wondering what they did wrong and why they couldn’t help the robotic addict they once knew as a real person.
Works Cited:
Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, practice, and Law, Tenth Edition. Larry J. Seigel, Brandon C. Welsh
Internet Resources
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History of the Juvenile Justice System.
Explain the development of the juvenile justice system.
Compare and contrast the adult and juvenile justice systems.
Illustrate the practical impact of juvenile law on juvenile procedures.
Distinguish main procedural differences between adult and juvenile court.
Summarize juvenile court and corrections options following adjudication.
Differentiate between the sources of official data.
Next student post here.
Natalie Elmgreen, Tyler Bruggeman, Josh Dyer, Chase Pechin, Luke Whitfield and Alex Helms
Juvenile justice system
The juvenile justice system stared in 1899 in Chicago. The system was created to avoid putting minors (anyone under the age of 17) into the criminal justice system. As the system started citizens in the United States began to see juvenile delinquents as youth that had simply lost their way. Rather than instead of viewing them as legitimate criminals. The system was used to put minors back on the right track using proper instruction and inputting guidelines.
In todays society the juvenile justice system is used to rehabilitate minors and attempt to keep them out of the adult criminal justice system. The idea of a juvenile justice system has expanded to the point where states have put in special laws and courts that deal with juveniles specifically. In states such as Nebraska have programs that put youth in a position of responsibility. At some facilities the minors are given the opportunity to take care of a dog from a local animal shelter. This is a way to give some kids a purpose.
The prison system that the juvenile justice system is built around is focused more on rewarding good behavior rather then punishing incorrect behavior. All juveniles in the prison system are given the opportunity to attend classes and receive a high school diploma, GED and at some facilities college credits. There are some facilities that will give inmates that opportunity to work within the prison. They have the opportunity to be a teacher assistant, gardener, or member of the kitchen staff.
From its start in 1899 and through all the case files and other changes that have occurred within the history of the juvenile justice system, we have molded a program to help rehabilitate these troubled youths and put them on the track to success.
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Works Cited
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_juvenile_justice_system
http://ojjdp.gov
Cherish Manning & Bronson Scott
Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment and Institutionalization
For juvenile’s there are many different correctional treatments available, which can be broken down into two different categories: community treatment and institutionalization treatment.
Community Treatment
Community treatment refers to efforts to provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles in need. It is based on the idea that the juvenile offender is not a danger to the community and has a better chance of being rehabilitated within the community. Community treatment includes probation, treatment services, restitution, and other programs.(Juvenile Delinquency)
Probation
Probation refers to nonpunitive legal dispositions for delinquent youths, emphasizing treatment without incarceration. It is the primary form on punishment used by the juvenile justice system. A juvenile who is on probation is maintained under the supervision of an officer of the court. Probation also encompasses a set of rules and conditions that the juvenile must meet. These rules can include restitution or reparation, intensive supervision, intensive counseling, participation in a therapeutic program, or participation in an educational or vocational training program. If the rules are violated the probation may be revoked. In that case, the contract is terminated and the original commitment order may be enforced.(Juvenile Delinquency)
Restitution
Restitution can take several forms. A juvenile can reimburse the victim of the crime or donate money to a charity or public cause. In other instances the juvenile may be required to provide some services directly to the victim or to assist a community organization.(Juvenile Delinquency)
Intensive Supervision
Juvenile intensive probation supervision (JIPS) involves treating offenders who would normally have been sent to a facility as part of a very small probation caseload that receives almost daily scrutiny.(Juvenile Delinquency)
Electronic Monitoring
Otherwise known as house arrest, electric monitoring allows offenders sentenced to probation to remain in the community on condition that they stay at home during specific periods. Offenders may be monitored through random phone calls, visits, or, in some jurisdictions, electronic devices such as ankle bracelets.(Juvenile Delinquency)
History of Probation
Probation first developed in England in the 1820’s. In the United States, it developed as part of the wave of social reform characterizing the latter half of the nineteenth century. Massachusetts took the first step. Under an act passed in 1869, an agent of the state board of charities was authorized to appear in criminal trial involving juveniles, to find them suitable homes, and to visit them periodically. These services were soon broadened, so that by 1890 probation had become a mandatory part of the court structure. By the mid-1960’s probation had become a complex institution that had touched many lives of young children.(Juvenile Delinquency)
Institutional Treatment
Institutional treatment facilities are correctional centers operated by federal, state, and county governments; these facilities restrict the movement of residents through staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls. A variety of functions within juvenile corrections are served by these facilities, including: reception centers that screen juveniles and assign them to an appropriate facility, specialized facilities that provide specific types of care, such as drug treatment, training schools or reformatories for youths needing a long-term residential care, and boot camps, which seek to rehabilitate youths through the application of rigorous physical training. Some people believe that institutionalizing young offenders may do more harm than good. Their reasoning is it exposes them to prisonlike conditions and to more-experienced delinquents without giving them the benefit of constructive treatment programs.(Juvenile Delinquency)
History of Juvenile Institutions
Until the early 1800’s, juvenile offenders were confined in adult prisons. The inhumane conditions in these institutions were among the factors that led social reformers to create a separate children’s court system in 1899. The early 20th century witnessed important changes in juvenile corrections. Because of the influence of World War I, reform schools began to adopt a militaristic style. Today most juveniles are housed in public institutions administered by state agencies: a child and youth services, health and social services, corrections, or child welfare.(Juvenile Delinquency)
What a Juvenile Institution is like
Juvenile Institutions vary in size and quality. Many older institutions still place all offenders in a single building, regardless of the offense, where as some institutions have different units for different level offenders. Planners have concluded that the most effective design for these institutions is to have facilities located around a community square. The facilities generally include a dining hall and kitchen area, a storage warehouse, academic and vocational building, and other basic facilities.
Future of the Juvenile Justice System
So what does the future have in store for the juvenile justice system? There are different opinions. Some may argue that more responsibility needs to be placed on the parents, while others say it is society’s responsibility to help curb juveniles from entering the justice system.
It is becoming more apparent that minorities are being treated unequally. These minorities are receiving harsher penalties, are subjected to more surveillance and are often charged more frequently as adults than their majority counterparts.
How can we prevent teens from committing crimes? Prevention programs are very important in decreasing juvenile crime. Children need to know how their actions and behaviors can impact the severity of their punishment from an age as young as seven years old. The more a child is educated and provided alternatives to a crime, the less likely he/she is to commit a criminal or deviant act. When it comes to detention and reform programs we have to identify what works and what does not work. Effective detention programs need to be tailored to the type of deviant act being committed. There must be several different programs made readily available that will contribute to the rehabilitation efforts of each juvenile. The bottom line is that family and the community needs to be involved to help improve our juvenile justice system.(Jones)
Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, practice, and Law, Tenth Edition
Bronson Scott & Cherish Manning
History of juvenile Policing
Police agencies can be traced to early English Society. The pledge System assumed that neighbors would protect each other from harm. Individuals had to police themselves and resolve minor problems on their own.
However, by the 13th century the watch system was created to help larger communities. Men were sworn in through church parishes to patrol areas at night and guard against disturbances and breaches of the peace. By the 17th century the constable, the justice of the peace, and the night watchman formed the nucleus of the police system in England.
During the late 19th century and the 20th century, the problem with growing numbers of unemployed and homeless youths increased. The Wickersham Commission of 1931 and the International Association of Chiefs of Police became the leading voices for police reform. Because of them the creation of specialized police units, known as delinquency control squads became of.
Community Policing in the New Millennium
Working with juvenile offenders may be hard for officers, because of the hard desire to help young people and steer them away from crime seems to conflict with the traditional police duties of crime prevention. The police are faced with a nationwide adolescent drug problem and renewed gang activity.
The Arrest Procedure –
When a juvenile is apprehended, the police must decide whether to release the kid or make a referral to the juvenile court. The cases involving serious crimes against property or persons are often referred to court. The lesser cases, such as disputes between juveniles, petty shoplifting, runaways, and assaults of minors, are often diverted from court action. Many states require that the law of arrest be the same for both adults and juveniles.
In order for the officer to make a legal arrest, an officer must have probable cause to believe that an offense took place. Probable cause is usually defined as falling somewhere between mere suspicion and absolute certainty.
Aggressive Law Enforcement-
One method of contemporary delinquency prevention relies on aggressive patrolling targeted at specific patterns of delinquency. Police departments in Chicago and Los Angeles have at one time used saturation patrols, targeting gang areas and arresting members for any law violations. These tactics have not proven to be affective against gangs.
This is a finding of large scale review of law enforcement and other response to the country’s gang problems. Conducted by the Justice Policy Institute, the review also found that “heavy-handed suppression efforts” results in increased rather than decreased cohesion among gang members and further exacerbates the sometimes fragile relations that exist between the police and some communities.
Future of Juvenile Policing
Many of the challenges confront the police response to juvenile offenders today and will continue to do so in the years to come. Witness intimidation, charges of racial profiling, and poor relations with some communities and groups of young people who are distrustful of the police are some of the key challenges. The Police are making progress in dealing with many of these and other challenges.
Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, practice, and Law, Tenth Edition
Larry J. Seigel, Brandon C. Welsh
Kerifa Myers
Juvenile Justice system
History
The first juvenile court was established in 1899 in Chicago as a byproduct of the Progressive Era. At the time, anyone under the age of seventeen who committed a crime was placed in the same judicial system as adults. As social views began to change, many started to see juvenile offenders as youths who had simply lost their way, rather than hardened criminals. It was believed that with proper instruction, and disciplinary guidelines instituted, a youth could be rehabilitated and again become a productive member of society.
Juvenile Judicial System Today
The focus of the juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate juveniles, rather than to imprison and punish them. Many states, such as Massachusetts, have special courts set aside to try and convict juveniles. Others, such as Colorado, have courts that deal with juvenile cases in addition to regular ones. On the other hand, there are cases of stricter sentencing for minors, e.g. Amy's Law, which increased the maximum sentence for a young child convicted of murder in Georgia from two years to the variable duration between the time of conviction and age 21.
Juvenile delinquency is one of the most serious threats to the current and future safety of American society. Although the results of criminal offences hardly ever change, lots of people would argue that the problem is much more complicated and demands lots consideration than adult criminals. This raises the awareness of the ethical thinking of the juveniles of today’s society. Often times these young kids act and they don’t think of the mere conquences of the action they have performed.
First of all in many cases since children and adolescences are much more characterized by what they have and don’t have and they are pressured by their environment, People should carefully consider the motives of young criminals. Many parents cannot afford to provide the name brand products for their teens, (e.g. I phones) and they are being pressured by the people around them this leads them to have no other decision than to go and steal so they can be in the cool crowd. So this would be prone to theft, as he perceives the product as a critical (i.e. a need rather than a want). The same holds true for other types of criminal offence such as drug abuse and violence.
Second, minors are typically less experienced; therefore, their perception about good and bad differ from adults, and they are much more sensitive to manipulations. Referring to the defenses in perception between minors and adults, Justice Kennedy noted that “the same characteristics that render juveniles less culpable than adults suggest as well that juveniles will be less susceptible to deterrence.” (2005).To me kids are very vulnerable therefore the act without thinking and the results of these are not as we adults would prefer but we Have to face them and let these juveniles know what they have done.
Having saying this it is now clear those factors and others imply that the juvenile justice system should be coherently different from the adult criminal justice system.
The rationale for behind giving special handling with young offenders is the idea of parents. This doctrine suggests that it is the responsibility of the state to protect and nurture children when their parents fail to do so. Therefore, when a minor commits a crime, he should receive a treatment rather than a punishment, and the legislator must make sure that the justice system considers the well—being of the specific offender more deeply than the seriousness of the offence. This approach aims to alter one’s course of criminal behavior and to turn his into a productive citizen in the future.
Refernces
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_juvenile_justice_system
http://www.dhs.state.mn.us/main/groups/children/documents/pub/dhs_id_008412.pdf
Post your Digital Story Production here using the Embed Code
Include your name and those names of people in your group.
Tyler Bruggeman, Brandon Gaede, Natalie Elmgreen, Ryan Ptashkin, and Armando Lobata
Jed Grey, Jason Manning, and Marcus Tibbles
Brian Wood Sheldon Nelson
Fall to Delinquency Breanna emahizer
Tahnee Saxton
Maltreatment Causes Delinquency
Jesel
Jahrod Henderson
Justin Underwood
Sheldon Nelson and Brian Wood
Juvenile Justice Group 2012
The depiction of juveniles projected on TV and in movies are a better barometer of what the culture thinks of kids than what kids think of themselves. In modern movies adults are sometimes clueless, sometimes the enemy, but most often are not in the picture at all.
It has been suggested that aggression is learned primarily through imitation (modeling) and sustained through various forms of intermittent reinforcement. It is argued that visual media are especially influential since they (1) teach actual methods of aggression, (2) often show few of the normal social restraints in expressing aggression, (3) desensitize viewers to violence through repeated exposure, and (4) teach methods of rationalizing and excusing personal responsibility for aggression.
This raises the question, "Are delinquents influenced by the depiction of juveniles in films and on TV?" Here are some student reviews of various teen movies and TV programs. What conclusions can you draw?
These clips depict how juvenile delinquents were perceived in the 50's and 60's.
-C. McLean
-C. McLean
-C. McLean
You are about to see a few clips from the movie 'The Wild One'. The movie is about a juvenile deliquent who is the leader of a gang. He's leading his friends to do some unlawful things. They are like a biker gang. You will see them doing a number of bad things, but they don't feel as if they are doing bad. They feel as if they are just participating in normal teenage activites. This movie is a great example of how Hollywood views teens. Hollywood puts teens into categories, and this one them. Which some refer to as rebellions.
-Aireus
Grease
This movie deals with a lot of underage drinking and smoking. Pretty much everyone smokes and they all think it's the cool thing to do. This shows that this was a long time ago because now a lot of people know how bad smoking tobacco is and try to prevent underage kids from doing it.
Bryce
The Outsiders
Based on the S.E. Hinton novel of the same name. The tension between two groups: The Greasers and The Socials "Socs" puts Ponyboy Curtis (Howell) and his best friend Johnny Cade (Macchio) in a bad spot. One night at the movies, Ponyboy and Johnny fall in love with Sherri "Cherry" Valance (Lane) and Marcia (Meyrink) once they get Dally Winston (Dillon), the toughest and meanest of the Greasers to stop attempting to "score" Cherry and Marcia. What Johnny and Ponyboy don't know is that Cherry and Marcia are girls for the snobbish, popular, and rich group, the Socs. Once Johnny kills Bob Sheldon (Garrett), the toughest and meanest member of the Socs, this begins as the Socs demand a rumble against the Greasers.
Jessica B
Now and Then
Now and Then is a story about 4 teenage girls that explore their summers together. As a group they encounter many obstacles mentally and physically. When relating this movie to Juvenile Justice, the girls are trouble makers. The girls continuously sneak out, get in fights, and smoke. THIS MOVIE MAY CONTAIN ADULT CONTENT! *Becca T.
Alpha Dog
This movie is about a group of high school kids who are drug dealers that live in The Valley. They kidnap the little brother of a guy who owes money to them and it turns deadly. This movie relates to this class because they did lots of drugs, sex, drinking and in the end they get caught and get in trouble for it.
THIS MOVIE IS BASED ON A TRUE STORY
WARNING: This movie contains adult content.
-Veronica
Gossip Girl (TV Show)
This TV show is about rich high school kids and what really goes on in the Upper East Side.
-Veronica
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Sleepers (1996)
When four boys play a prank that goes wrong, they are sentenced to no less than one year in the Wilkenson Center in upstate New York. While serving their time, they're beat, humiliated, and sexually abused by the guards sworn to protect them. Thirteen years later and a chance meeting lead to a chance for revenge against the Wilkenson Center and the guards.
-C. McLean
Thirteen
This movie relates to this class because the girls do lots of drugs, sex, and drinking. They get in a lot of trouble at the end. Moral: Don't trust your friends w/ drugs, and alcohol.
-Sam W.
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-Jessica
Based on the S.E. Hinton novel of the same name. The tension between two groups: The Greasers and The Socials "Socs" puts Ponyboy Curtis (Howell) and his best friend Johnny Cade (Macchio) in a bad spot. One night at the movies, Ponyboy and Johnny fall in love with Sherri "Cherry" Valance (Lane) and Marcia (Meyrink) once they get Dally Winston (Dillon), the toughest and meanest of the Greasers to stop attempting to "score" Cherry and Marcia. What Johnny and Ponyboy don't know is that Cherry and Marcia are girls for the snobbish, popular, and rich group, the Socs. Once Johnny kills Bob Sheldon (Garrett), the toughest and meanest member of the Socs, this begins as the Socs demand a rumble against the Greasers.
Student review includes what you want students next year to know about your top choice films about juveniles in cinema and television. Also, whether based on a real story or book.
Post your video here about Hollywood images of juveniles in this era 2000-2020